A B S T R AC TThis study examined 68 females, who as children were exposed to domestic violence, to explore childhood risk and protective factors and their relationship to adult levels of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and resilience. Independent sample t-tests indicated significant differences in PTSD levels between participants with and without police involvement during childhood. There were also significant differences in PTSD levels between participants who reported their mothers had mental-health problems with those who did not. Additionally, participants whose mothers had full-time steady employment had significantly higher resilience than those with mothers who did not work or worked inconsistently. Implications include advancing ecological theory and conceptual insights regarding childhood risk and protective factors and their association to adult psychological distress and hardiness for daughters exposed to their mothers' intimate partner violence.
Online education is becoming more common in higher education, and the number of students taking online courses is projected to increase dramatically. Despite the popularity of online education, there is scarce research on the psychological well-being for those online learners as they work toward their academic goals. To address this gap, the current study examined the effects of music listening on online learners' mood, perceived self-efficacy, mental exertion, and task performance (N = 42). This study specifically focused on an online college education setting and examined the role of music listening and affect within this emotionally-dynamic context. Data analysis utilizing repeated measures ANOVA indicated that daily music listening has a significant influence on positive affect, negative affect, mental exertion, and task performance of the study participants, but not on
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