A colloidal suspension of exfoliated, layered cobalt oxide nanosheets has been synthesized through the intercalation of quaternary tetramethylammonium ions into protonated lithium cobalt oxide. According to atomic force microscopy, exfoliated nanosheets of layered cobalt oxide show a plateau-like height profile with nanometer-level height, underscoring the formation of unilamellar 2D nanosheets. The exfoliation of layered cobalt oxide was cross-confirmed by X-ray diffraction, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The maintenance of the hexagonal in-plane structure of the cobalt oxide lattice after the exfoliation process was evidenced by selected-area electron diffraction and Co K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure analysis. The zeta-potential measurements clearly demonstrated the negative surface charge of cobalt oxide nanosheets. Adopting the nanosheets of layered cobalt oxide as a precursor, we were able to prepare the monodisperse CoO nanocrystals with a particle size of approximately 10 nm as well as the heterolayered film composed of cobalt oxide monolayer and polycation.
The exfoliation of layered Li[Mn(1/3)Co(1/3)Ni(1/3)]O(2) into individual monolayers could be achieved through the intercalation of quaternary tetramethylammonium (TMA(+)) ions into protonated metal oxide. An effective exfoliation occurred when the TMA(+)/H(+) ratio was 0.5-50. Reactions outside this range produced no colloidal suspension, but all the manganese cobalt nickel oxides precipitated. Atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy clearly demonstrated that exfoliated manganese cobalt nickel oxide nanosheets have a nanometer-level thickness, underscoring the formation of unilamellar nanosheets. The maintenance of the hexagonal atomic arrangement of the manganese cobalt nickel oxide layer upon the exfoliation was confirmed by selected area electron diffraction analysis. According to diffuse reflectance ultraviolet--visible spectroscopy, the exfoliated manganese cobalt nickel oxides displayed distinct absorption peaks at approximately 354 and approximately 480 nm corresponding to the d-d transitions of octahedral metal ions, which contrasted with the featureless spectrum of the pristine metal oxide. In the light of zeta potential data showing the negative surface charge of manganese cobalt nickel oxide nanosheets, a heterolayered film of manganese cobalt nickel oxide and conductive polymers could be prepared through the successive coating process with colloidal suspension and polycations. The UV--vis and X-ray diffraction studies verified the layer-by-layer ordered structure of the obtained heterolayered film, respectively.
The electronic structure and local atomic arrangement of transition metal ions in nanoporous iron-substituted nickel phosphates VSB-1 and VSB-5 have been investigated using X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy at Fe K- and Ni K-edges. The Fe K-edge XANES study clearly demonstrated that substituted iron ions were stabilized in octahedral nickel sites of nanoporous nickel phosphate lattice. A comparison with several Fe-references revealed that the substituted irons have mixed Fe2+/Fe3+ oxidation state with the average valence of +2.8-3.0. According to the Ni K-edge XANES analysis, the aliovalent substitution of Ni2+ with Fe2+/Fe3+ induced a slight reduction of divalent nickel ions in VSB-5 to meet a charge balance. On the contrary, Fe substitution for the VSB-1 phase did not cause notable decrease in the oxidation state of nickel ions, which would be related either to the accompanying decrease of pentavalent phosphorus cations or to the increase of oxygen anions. In conclusion, the present findings clearly demonstrated that the nanoporous lattice of nickel phosphate can accommodate effectively iron ions in its octahedral nickel sites.
Sulfur-doped manganese oxide 1D nanostructures with controllable crystal structures and crystallite dimensions have been synthesized via one-pot non-hydrothermal solution route. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis clearly demonstrated that the crystal structures of the sulfur-doped manganates can be tailored by the change of reaction temperature; layered delta-MnO2-structured material was obtained at 60 degrees C while the reaction at 90 degrees C produced tunnel alpha-MnO2 structured material. According to field emission-scanning electron microscopy, both sulfur-doped manganates possess 1D nanostructure-type morphology with the diameter of approximately 20 nm and the length of approximately 1 microm for delta-MnO2-type material, and the diameter of approximately 100 nm and the length of approximately 800 nm for alpha-MnO2-type material, respectively. From X-ray photoelectron and X-ray absorption spectroscopic analyses, sulfur ions exist as highly oxidized sulfate cluster on surface or grain boundary of the manganate crystallite whereas manganese ions are stabilized in octahedral geometry with the mixed oxidation state of Mn+3/Mn+4. Of special importance is that both sulfur-doped manganate nanowires show promising electrode performances for lithium secondary batteries.
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