Herba houttuyniae has been used as a constituent of herval medicine prescriptions for the treatment of inflammation, cancer, and other diseases. In the present study, we investigated the cellular effects of herba houttuyniae extract (HHE) and the signal pathways of HHE-induced apoptosis in HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cell line. HHE treatment caused apoptosis of cells as evidenced by discontinuous fragmentation of DNA, the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into the cytosol, activation of procaspase-9 and caspase-3, and proteolytic cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polym erase. Pretreatment of Ac-DEVD-CHO, caspase-3 specific inhibitor, or cyclosporin A, a mitochondrial permeability transition inhibitor, completely abolished HHE-induced DNA fragmentation. Together, these results suggest that HHE possibly causes mitochondrial damage leading to cytochrome c release into cytosol and activation of caspases resulting in PARP cleavage and execution of apoptotic cell death in HL-60 cells.
The objective of the present study is to ascertain the effect of fly ash (FA) on the lifecycle CO2assessment of reinforced concrete structures. The reliable lifecycle CO2assessment approach of concrete structures were established and then specified using the developed CO2a performance evaluation table. The system boundary studied was from cradle to recycling of concrete, which includes material system, concrete production, transportation, construction, use and recycling activity phases. The assumed time and regional boundaries for concrete mixes were 2012 and Seoul, South Korea, respectively. The carbonation depth of concrete and CO2uptake during use of structure and recycling phases were calculated based on the Yang et al.’s model. Using the performance evaluation table, the effect of FA on the lifecycle CO2assessment of concrete columns and beams in an office building was examined under the different concrete strengths. The parametric study clearly showed that high-strength concrete is favorable to the reduction of lifecycle CO2amount of concrete columns, whereas the reduction is not expected for concrete beams. The lifecycle CO2amount of concrete structures decreases with the increase in the substitution level of FA up to 20%, beyond which the decreasing rate is insignificant.
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