The aim of the study was to examine what is perceived as sacrifice in close relationships by women and by men. The goal was to find out what the structure of the sacrifices is, and whether they are related to each other. The motives of sacrifice were also examined in approach-avoidance motivation theory.
participants and procedureThe study encompassed 144 participants (93 females aged between 20 and 50) who were asked to provide casual written accounts on what constitutes sacrifice in close heterosexual relationships and the reasons why partners in those relationships would be willing to make sacrifices. The expert judge assessment method, frequency and factor analyses were used.
resultsThe sacrifices that were most frequently reported were those linked to an individual's professional career, sacri-fices made for family reasons and giving up one's everyday pleasures. Females more frequently make sacrifices linked to their roles within the family, while males are likely to sacrifice in changes of their lifestyle. The most common motive for sacrifice is the love motive and the least common is pressure from the outside. Women named the motive of love more frequently, while men tended to point to the willingness to improve on the quality of the relationship, their personal benefits and sense of obligation.
conclusionsMen and women are willing to sacrifice in close relationships by trying to alter their lifestyle from that of a single person to one that prioritizes their significant others.
The aim of the study was to determine the discrepancies between people who tend to abandon their partners in close relationships and people who are involved in longterm relationships in: love attitudes (Ludus-game playing love, Eros-passionate love, Storge-friendship love, Pragma-practical love, Mania-possessive love, Agapealtruistic love), psychological femininity and masculinity, Machiavellianism, narcissism, and emotional intelligence. participants and procedure The subjects included 60 adults who reject their partners in close relationships and a reference group of 60 adults who were involved in a close relationship. The participants had qualified as rejectors when they: described themselves as "rejectors"; declared that they were not in a romantic relationship or were in one that lasts no longer than one year, claimed that in their relationships history they had rejected their partners more often compared to when they had been rejected.
The purpose of the study was to examine the phenomenon of power within an organisation from the vantage point of gender, the occupied position, earnings, and the number of subordinates. participants and procedure The sample group comprised 107 female and 98 male participants. The mean age was 42.14 years (SD = 11.73).
The study examined the relative importance of seven contingencies of self-worth of Polish college women's (appearance, others' approval, competition, academic competencies, family support, virtue, God's love), as well as the associations between preference for particular contingencies and global self-esteem. Additionally, the predictive role of the self-assignment of masculine and feminine traits for both contingencies of self-worth and global self-esteem was investigated. The participants were one hundred and ninety-four Polish women in emerging adulthood (aged from 19 to 26; M = 21.36; SD = 1.67). Participants provided self-reports of self-ascription of masculine and feminine traits, the contingencies of self-worth, and self-esteem. Obtained results showed that the family support contingency of self-worth was the most preferred one, followed by virtue contingent self-worth, academic competencies, competition, and appearance contingencies of self-esteem, while the less preferred contingencies were: others' approval and God's love. Appearance and others’ approval contingencies of self-worth correlated negatively with self-esteem. Masculine traits were positively linked to competition contingency of self-worth, but negatively to physical appearance self-worth contingency and others’ approval self-worth contingency, whereas feminine traits were positively correlated with both physical appearance self-worth contingency and others’ approval self-worth contingency. The findings showed the positive associations between self-ascription of traits regarded to be masculine and self-esteem, and a lack of significant associations between self-description of feminine traits and self-esteem. Structural equation modeling demonstrated predictive role of masculine traits for self-esteem when feminine traits’ self-ascription and contingencies of self-worth were controlled.
In this paper, the problem of the lack of stability of intimate female-male relationships, the intensity of which is currently increasing, is presented. Attention is focused on early-childhood attachment styles and anxiety in rejecters in intimate relationships. participants and procedure The research included 120 individuals: 60 individuals who had dropped 3-15 partners (on average, M = 3.77 partners) and 60 individuals from the control group. The following research tools were applied: the Attachment Styles Inventory, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). results The results showed that rejecters in intimate relationships obtained higher results than individuals from the control group in an avoidant and an anxious-ambivalent attachment style, and lower ones in a secure attachment style, as well as higher ones in anxiety as a trait. Sex itself was not a differentiating factor in any of the studied variables. An avoidant attachment style, and anxiety as a trait, were predictors of being a rejecter. conclusions The obtained results confirm the fundamental findings of the theory of attachment indicating that the lower the level of a secure style is, the lower is the level of interpersonal skills.
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