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We provide a synthesis of stratigraphic data to unravel the history of the geological evolution of South Crimea in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The South Crimea Orogen consists of three major mega-sequences: (1) the Triassic–Early Jurassic; (2) the Aalenian–Bathonian; and (3) the Callovian–Eocene. The Late Triassic–Early Jurassic deposits formed in the environment of a forearc basin and a remnant basin. The Aalenian–Bathonian deposits formed above subduction extension and a volcanic belt. Three main Callovian–Eocene tectonic units can be identified in South Crimea: (1) the South Crimean Shelf Basin; (2) the Sudak Deepwater Trough; and (3) the Alchak–Kaya Shelf Basin at the northern margin of the Shatsky Ridge. The Oligocene–Quaternary deposits are considered to be syn-orogenic. A description of the anticipated stratigraphic units on the Shatsky Ridge is suggested for the Middle Jurassic, Callovian–Late Jurassic, Neocomian, Aptian–Albian, Late Cretaceous–Paleocene, Eocene and Maykopian. We propose a model for the geological history of the Eastern Black Sea Basin. Graben formed during the Late Barremian–Albian at the location of the future Eastern Black Sea Basin and a phase of volcanism occurred in the Albian. The main phase of rifting and spreading of oceanic crust took place during Cenomanian–Santonian time.Supplementary material: A Google Earth kmz file of the location of the outcrops and sections is available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18850

Abstract:In our study, we have developed a new tectonic scheme of the Arctic Ocean, which is based mainly on seismic profiles obtained in the Arctic-2011, Arctic-2012 and Arctic-2014 Projects implemented in Russia. Having interpreted many seismic profiles, we propose a new seismic stratigraphy of the Arctic Ocean. Our main conclusions are drawn from the interpretation of the seismic profiles and the analysis of the regional geological data. The results of our study show that rift systems within the Laptev, the East Siberian and the Chukchi Seas were formed not earlier than Aptian. The geological structure of the Eurasian, Podvodnikov, Toll and Makarov Basins is described in this paper. Having synthesized all the available data on the study area, we propose the following model of the geological history of the Arctic Ocean: 1. The Canada Basin formed till the Aptian (probably, during Hauterivian-Barremian time). 2. During the Aptian-Albian, large-scale tectonic and magmatic events took place, including plume magmatism in the area of the De Long Islands, Mendeleev Ridge and other regions. Continental rifting started after the completion of the Verkhoyansk-Chukotka orogenу, and rifting occurred on the shelf of the Laptev, East Siberian, North Chukchi and South Chukchi basins, and the Chukchi Plateau; simultaneously, continental rifting started in the Podvodnikov and Toll basins. 3. Perhaps the Late Cretaceous rifting continued in the Podvodnikov and Toll basins. 4. At the end of the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene, the Makarov basin was formed by rifting, although local spreading of oceanic crust during its formation cannot be excluded. 5. The Eurasian Basin started to open in the Early Eocene. We, of course, accept that our model of the geological history of the Arctic Ocean, being preliminary and debatable, may need further refining. In this paper, we have shown a link between the continental rift systems on the shelf and the formation history of the Arctic Ocean. Аннотация: На основе российских сейсмических профилей, полученных в рамках проектов Арктика-2011, Арктика-2012 и Арктика-2014, составлена новая тектоническая схема Арктического океана. Приведены ре-зультаты интерпретации многих сейсмических профилей, представлена новая сейсмостратиграфия для Арк-тического океана. Основные выводы сделаны на основе интерпретации сейсмических профилей и на базе анализа региональных геологических данных. Показано, что рифтовые системы в пределах морей Лаптевых, Восточно-Сибирского и Чукотского были образованы не раньше аптского времени. Дано описание геологиче-ского строения бассейнов Евразийского, Подводников, Толля, Макарова и других. На основе синтеза всех дан-ных получена следующая модель истории Арктического океана. 1. Канадский бассейн был образован до апт-ского времени (вероятно, в готериве-барреме). 2. В апте-альбе были крупномасштабные тектонические и магматические события: плюмовый магматизм был в районе поднятия Де-Лонга, на хребте Менделеева и в других областях. Континентальный рифтинг произошел сразу после оконча...

High Arctic new seismic data, collected by Russian Federation from 2011 to 2014, and additional geological and geophysical information, are used to interpret the basement and sedimentary structure of central and eastern Eurasia Basin, the Gakkel Ridge, and their transition into the Laptev Sea. We find that significant changes in basement topography occur in Nansen Basin at C20 (43.43 Ma) and in the Amundsen basins at C21 (45.7 Ma), and in both basins at C13 (33 Ma). A long seismic profile, that documents for the first time the structure of conjugate flanks and their margins in the central-eastern Eurasia Basin, confirms that oceanic accretion was asymmetric, with 10% less crust developed in the Amundsen Basin since continental break-up. In the eastern Amundsen Basin, we observe mid-ocean ridge uplift since C13 (33 Ma). We identify four distinct sedimentary packages in the Eurasia Basin: Early to Mid Eocene (c. 56 to 45.7 Ma), Mid Eocene to Early Oligocene (45.7 to 33.2 Ma), Early Oligocene to Early Miocene (33.2 to 19.7) and Early Miocene to Present (19.7 to 0 Ma); they are linked to the oceanic lithosphere age determined from magnetic data. The deepest part of the Gakkel Ridge (5215 m), situated close to the easternmost part of this mid ocean ridge, is imaged for the first time by seismic data that reveals volcanic constructions within the older axial ridges and on the flanks. Gakkel Ridge's asymmetric flanks with shallow, regularly-spaced, and rugged structure, typical to ultra-slow spreading ridges, imply periodicity of tectonic phases. The Khatanga-Lomonosov Fault between Lomonosov Ridge and the Laptev Sea region, is identified on few seismic profiles; kinematic models predict that it may have been active only for a maximum of 10 myr after continental break-up.

New and available geophysical data from the Eastern Arctic (around the Siberian tip of the Lomonosov Ridge) indicate a change in the tectonic regime at the Eocene time. Oceanic crust identified on the new seismic reflection data in the Amundsen Basin displays an asymmetric fabric also visible in the gravity and magnetic gridded data. Tentative dating of the weak magnetic anomalies suggests asymmetric spreading or ridge relocation from ca. 49 to 33 Ma. Three seismic reflection transects through the Laptev Sea, Lomonosov Ridge and adjacent basins image several compressional features, most likely initiated in the Eocene. According to a regional plate tectonic model, the Greenland plate has pushed the Lomonosov Ridge by ca. 30 mm/year from 54 to 49 Ma and by ca. 13.5 mm/year afterwards, until Early Miocene. We suggest that intraplate stresses triggered by the Eocene to Oligocene northern movement of the Greenland plate and subsequent collision with the North American plate that created the Eurekan deformation, have propagated through the Arctic region and affected part of the East Siberian Shelf, Podvodnikov Basin, Laptev Sea and modified the spreading direction in the eastern Eurasia Basin. We estimate that these changes started at the same time as the peak compressional phase in North Greenland dated 49-47 Ma and lasted until Oligocene time when the large-scale tectonic regime changed by incorporating Greenland into the North American plate.

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