Estacihe an1dKouassi analyze thc deteriilnanits of the utilities' performanices, the preclomi nancc of constant efficiency levels reached bv 21 African vwater utilities.returins to scale, and the great rate of technological They assess efficiency throLighi the estimationl of a progress. And the authors show that the institutionial production frontier for the sector in Africa. T1-he capacity of the countrv, as well as its governanice quality, efficiency estimates confirm mucIh of the Commllonl are significant driving factors in the performance of each perceptions from partial productivity indicators. They firm.point to a great heterogeneity in the African water Tshis paper-a product of the Governanice, Regulation, and Finance Division, World Banik Institute-is part of a larger effort in the institute to promote the uliderstanidinig of regulatory issues. Copies of the paper are availahle free fromii the World

No abstract

We re-examine the causality between the twin deficits by testing for Granger non-causality between BD and CAD based on extended causality tests initially developed by Toda and Yamamoto (1995). Using international data from a sample of twenty developed and developing countries, we find evidence of causality (unidirectional or bi-directional) between the twin deficits for some developing countries. However, the results for developed countries are less persuasive. The empirical findings of this study are robust to alternative and independent causality testing procedures. Copyright Springer-Verlag 2004Granger non-causality, likelihood ratio, wald, and Lagrange multiplier tests, alternative tests, twin deficits, international evidence, C20, C22,

This paper investigates the long run relationship between health care expenditure and economic growth, using panel data for 14 Southern African Development Community (SADC) member countries over the period 1995-2012. The non-stationarity and cointegration properties between health expenditure per capita and GDP per capita were examined, controlling for cross section dependence and heterogeneity between countries. Our results suggest that health expenditure and GDP per capita are non-stationary and cointegrated. These findings seem to confirm the notion that health expenditure is non-discretionary-health is a necessary good-in the SADC region. The estimated income elasticity is below unity but higher than what was obtained for the OECD regional grouping. The policy implication of our result is that adequate health care service provision should be a key objective of governmental intervention in the SADC region.

No abstract