The generation of an electromagnetic field by oscillators in an open resonator is discussed in a one-dimensional approximation. In this case, the development of the so-called dissipative instability the dissipative generation regime. Such an instability with the generation of electromagnetic oscillations arises when the decrement of oscillations in an open resonator in the absence of oscillators turns out to be greater than the increment of the resulting instability of the system of oscillators placed in this resonator. It is assumed that the oscillators do not interact with each other, and only the resonator field affects their behavior. If the resonator field is absent or small, the superradiance regime is possible, when the radiation of each oscillator is essential and the field in the system is the sum of all the eigenfields of the oscillators. In the dissipative regime of instability generation, the system of oscillators is synchronized by the induced resonator field. The synchronization of the oscillators in the superradiance mode owes its existence to the integral field of the entire system of oscillators. With a weak nonlinearity of the oscillators, a small initiating external field is required to excite the generation regime. It is noteworthy that the maximum value of the superradiance field is approximately two times less than the maximum field that the same particles could generate if they were at the same point. In all cases, for a given open resonator, the superradiance field turned out to be somewhat larger than the resonator field. Nevertheless, for the same resonator, the increments and attainable field amplitudes in both cases are of the same order of magnitude.
The work based on a semiclassical description, presents the results of studying the processes of absorption and radiation of a field in the form of a standing wave in a waveguide filled with a two-level active medium. Under conditions of spatial inhomogeneity of the field intensity, interference of quasi-periodic oscillations of population inversion occurs in different local regions of the waveguide. A quasiperiodic change in population inversion is determined by the Rabi frequency, which is known to be associated with the probability of induced radiation with a positive population inversion, or induced absorption with its negative value. Since the population inversion change is accompanied by absorption or emission of field quanta, this leads to the exchange of energy between the field and the active medium located in the waveguide. It is shown that the attenuation of a large-amplitude field to a waveguide filled with an unexcited active medium is nonlinear. In the developed mode, this process has the character of energy exchange between the field and the active medium. In this case, the wave attenuation is replaced by its growth, just as it happens in the well-known case of Landau kinetic damping. Competition of the processes of radiation and absorption leads to the fact that the nature of the oscillations (nutations) of the population inversion at different points of the waveguide space is different. The interference of nonsynchronous spatially localized oscillations of the population inversion in the volume of the waveguide leads to changes in the field amplitude. The paper also discusses the process of field excitation in a waveguide with a pre-inverted two-level active medium, taking into account external mechanisms for the absorption of wave energy. Consideration of these problems is important for understanding the processes of generation of induced radiation, which, as noted by C. Towns, is to a large extent coherent radiation.
The presence of an internal layer with an active medium in a hot radiation source is considered, which can be described by a quantum two-level system located near equilibrium. The population of the upper and lower levels is approximately equal. It is shown that during convection from deeper hot layers, which supports the inversion of the populations of the active system, generation of induced radiation pulses is possible, the intensity of which is comparable to or greater than the intensity of the background spontaneous radiation of the source. With a sufficient thickness of the surface layers due to the effects of radiation scattering in them, the emission spectrum of a completely black body may well form there. Pulse generation near a previously detected new threshold of induced radiation can lead to a periodic change in the radiation intensity of the source as a whole. This threshold is determined by the equality of the squared population inversion to the total number of states. The generation of pulses of induced radiation is considered both in Einstein's representation, on the basis of balanced equations, and using a semiclassical description for small values of population inversion and for low levels of electric field intensity, when the Rabi frequency is less than the line width. The description of the induced radiation process is reduced to a one-parameter system of equations. Periodic solutions are represented by closed trajectories on the phase plane (relative density of quanta, relative density of population inversion). A similar layer with an active medium, which can be described by a quantum two-level system located near equilibrium, can exist in stars and is most likely localized in the photosphere. If there is significant convection in the star’s atmosphere, conditions can be realized for generating pulses of induced radiation. It turns out that one can see the similarity of the obtained solutions with known observations of changes in the luminosity of Cepheid stars (Cepheus delta and the North Star).
The paper presents the results of the study of the models of convective instability near its threshold of thin layers of liquid and gas bounded by poorly conducting walls. These models single out one spatial scale of interaction, leaving the possibility for the evolution of the system to choose the symmetry character. This is due to the fact that the conditions for the realization of the modes of convective instability near the threshold are chosen. All spatial perturbations of the same spatial scale, but of different orientations, interact with each other. It turned out that the presence of minima of the interaction potential of the Proctor-Sivashinsky equation modes, the absolute value of the wave number vectors of which is unchanged, determines the choice of symmetry and, accordingly, the characteristics of the spatial structure. In the case of a more realistic model of convection described by the Proctor-Sivashinsky equation, it was possible to observe both the first-order phase transition and the second-order phase transition and detect the form of the state function, which is responsible for the topology of the resulting convective structures: metastable rolls and stable square cells. In this paper, it is shown that the nature of the structural-phase transition in a liquid when taking into account the dependence of viscosity on temperature in the Proctor-Sivashinsky model is similar to the case of the absence of such a dependence. The transition time turns out to be the same, despite the fact that a different structure is formed -hexagonal convective cells. As in the Swift-Hohenberg model, a hard mode for the formation of hexagonal cells in a gas medium is possible only for a sufficiently noticeable dependence of its viscosity on temperature. The phase transition times are inversely proportional to the difference in the values of this function for two consecutive states. A similar description of phase transitions did not use phenomenological approaches and various speculative considerations, which allows for a closer look at the nature of transients.
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