We asked whether transient Staphylococcus aureus in the oral environment synergistically interacts with orally associated bacterial species such as Actinomyces oris, Candida albicans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mutans, and Veillonella dispar (six-species control biofilm 6S). For this purpose, four modified biofilms with seven species that contain either the wild type strain of the S. aureus genotype (USA300-MRSA WT), its isogenic mutant with MSCRAMM deficiency (USA300-MRSA ΔMSCRAMM), a methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (ST72-MSSA-) or a methicillin-resistant S. aureus (USA800-MRSA) grown on hydroxyapatite disks were examined. Culture analyses, confocal-laser-scanning microscopy and proteome analyses were performed. S. aureus strains affected the amount of supragingival biofilm-associated species differently. The deletion of MSCRAMM genes disrupted the growth of S. aureus and the distribution of S. mutans and S. oralis within the biofilms. In addition, S. aureus caused shifts in the number of detectable proteins of other species in the 6S biofilm. S. aureus (USA300-MRSA WT), aggregated together with early colonizers such as Actinomyces and streptococci, influenced the number of secondary colonizers such as Fusobacterium nucleatum and was involved in structuring the biofilm architecture that triggered the change from a homeostatic biofilm to a dysbiotic biofilm to the development of oral diseases.
In this work, glass-ceramics were produced with mechanical and physical properties, using recycled glass powder from windshields as raw material. The glass powder was formed and sintered at temperatures 600, 650, 700, 750, and 800°C. Pieces were also produced with the addition of niobium oxide to the glass powder. The flexural strength and the Archimedes density of the produced parts were determined. The reliability of the results was evaluated by the Weibull statistic. X-ray diffraction was performed. Maximum flexural strength was 77.64 MPa at 750°C, with the addition of niobium oxide at 43.86 MPa at 700°C. X-ray diffraction showed crystalline structures in the specimens with the addition of the nucleating agent, confirming the production of glass-ceramics in this composition. The pure glass powder only crystallized from 750°C. The Nb2O5 favors the formation of crystalline structures in the vitreous matrix at low temperatures and with piezoelectric structures.
Biomarkers are molecules that can be used in screening, diagnosing, characterising, and monitoring diseases, or as prognostic indicators. There are many salivary molecules that can be used as biomarkers of oral diseases such as enzymes, specific and non specific proteins, antibodies, and other substances. This study aimed to research the effectiveness of using salivary biomarkers as a means of diagnosis and raised the following question that are salivary biomarkers sufficient to diagnose oral diseases such as caries, periodontal and peri-implant disease, avoiding systemic diseases? Given this question, this study aimed to investigate the topic in recent scientific literature, looking for information that could clarify the issue. Therefore, a bibliographic review on the topic was carried out, and scientific articles were searched in the PubMed database. The findings showed that salivary biomarkers are sufficient to diagnose oral diseases since several biomarkers in saliva have already been identified, which allow the early diagnosis of these conditions, the monitoring of their progression and their response to treatments. This review may be the first to offer a summary classification of existing salivary biomarkers that can be collected by saliva in a simple and non invasive manner, allowing for early diagnosis. The main finding in this regard was the immune molecules β-defensin-2 and LL-37, collagen I, fibronectin, soluble Cluster of Differentiation 14 (sCD14) cells, Interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, Interleukin-2 Receptor Alpha chain (IL-2 RA) and eotaxin/CCL11 as predictors of dental caries. For periodontal disease, the higher levels of saliva of IL-1β, IL-6, Metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), MMP-9, Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1a (MIP-1a), Osteoprotegerin (OPG), Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1), salivary Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAOC), albumins, uric acid, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase were related to the pathogenesis of the disease. For peri-implantitis, dysbiosis must be associated with the presence of IL-1β, Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-a), TIMP-2, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), OPG and procalcitonin. These findings may provide an easier view of the co- presence of other components in the oral environment, such as proteins/cytokines in saliva, transient microbials, which can contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease and date the multifactorial aetiology of oral diseases. This constitutes a personalised medical approach, reinforcing the power of clinical examination and medical history assessments to form an accurate diagnostic tool.
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