Despite the maintained mucosal immunoglobulin A level, gut I/R markedly reduces GALT cell numbers, with changes in lymphocyte phenotypes. These alterations may be associated with increased morbidity due to infectious complications after severe surgical insults.

Burn wounds are highly susceptible to bacterial infection due to impairment of the skin's integrity. Therefore, prevention of bacterial colonization/infection in the wound is crucial for the management of burns, including partial-thickness burn injuries. Although partial-thickness burn injuries still retain the potential for reepithelialization, the complication of wound infection severely impairs the reepithelialization even in such superficial burn injuries. We recently developed a biocompatible nanosheet consisting of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA). The PLLA nanosheets have many useful and advantageous biological properties for their application as a wound dressing, such as sufficient flexibility, transparency, and adhesiveness. We herein investigated the suitability of the PLLA nanosheets as a wound dressing for partial-thickness burn wounds in mice. The PLLA nanosheets tightly adhered to the wound without any adhesive agents. Although wound infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the controls significantly impaired reepithelialization of burn wounds, dressing with the PLLA nanosheet markedly protected against bacterial wound infection, thereby improving wound healing in the mice receiving partial-thickness burn injuries. The PLLA nanosheet also showed a potent barrier ability for protecting against bacterial penetration in vitro. The ultrathin PLLA nanosheet may be applied as a protective dressing to reduce environmental contamination of bacteria in a partial-thickness burn wound.

ARG infusion improves intestinal blood perfusion during ischemia but primes and activates circulating myeloid cells excessively. Consequently, i.v. infusion of ARG during ischemia reduces survival rate.