Objectives: This study's primary objective was to characterize attitudes to long-acting antiretrovirals (LAARV), among youth aged 13 to 24 years living with perinatally-and nonperinatally-acquired HIV (PHIV and NPHIV, respectively). Secondary objectives included: assessing whether those with detectable HIV RNA PCR viral load had higher enthusiasm for LAARV compared to those with suppressed viral load, and examining characteristics associated with LAARV enthusiasm.

We studied the induction of antigen-specific IgA memory B cells (BM) in volunteers who received live attenuated Shigella flexneri 2a vaccines. Subjects ingested a single oral dose of 107, 108 or 109 CFU of S. flexneri 2a with deletions in guaBA (CVD 1204) or in guaBA, set and sen (CVD 1208). Antigen-specific serum and stool antibody responses to LPS and Ipa B were measured on days 0, 7, 14, 28 and 42. IgA BM cells specific to LPS, Ipa B and total IgA were assessed on days 0 and 28. We show the induction of significant LPS-specific IgA BM cells in anti-LPS IgA seroresponders. Positive correlations were found between anti-LPS IgA BM cells and anti-LPS IgA in serum and stool; IgA BM cell responses to IpaB were also observed. These BM cell responses are likely play an important role in modulating the magnitude and longevity of the humoral response.

Principles of Justice, Autonomy, Beneficence and Non-maleficence underpin the ethical design of clinical trials in pregnant and lactating women.