Open innovation, taken from the fields of business strategy and technology development, can offer planners fresh insights into their own practice. Open innovation, like citizen participation, goes outside the boundaries of the organization to find solutions to problems and to hand ideas off to partners. A key technique for open innovation is ''crowdsourcing,'' issuing a challenge to a large and diverse group in hopes of arriving at new solutions more robust than those found inside the organization. The differences between citizen participation and Internet-based crowdsourcing are discussed. Crowdsourcing case studies are provided as a means for extending an emerging literature.
The curriculum for graduate education in planning has been largely dictated by a conception of the planner's role as a technical advisor to decisionmakers. The rational planning model has shaped the construction of the core curriculum. Recent work by planning theorists suggests that the planner does more than simply provide technical advice, but serves to facilitate communications in critical ways. This article reports the results of a survey of senior planning professionals regarding the skills and competencies they seek in entry-level planners. The results provide strong support for communicative planning theories and suggest a recasting of traditional conceptions of what constitutes core graduate planning curricula.
Results from an earlier study indicated that senior planners in Oregon and Southwest Washington expect planning graduates to be equipped with strong communicative competencies built on a base of broad analytic skills. This article reports on an extension of that study to a survey of planners in California, Florida, Maryland, and New Jersey and confirms that these earlier findings are not unique to the Pacific Northwest. The challenge for planning educators is to design a core curriculum that responds to the skills and competencies demanded in practice and to adjust teaching practices and policies to recognize and reward the types of personal qualities sought by employers. Planning educators must consider carefully the field’s unique contributions and weave substance and values back into the curriculum.
Friedman and Weaver's book, Territory and Function, which includes a survey of ideas concerning regions and regionalism in the United States, was published in 1979. Much has happened since then. There is a renewed interest in regionalism, particularly in conjunction with efforts to analyze and manage entire metropolitan areas. This bibliography incorporates works on regionalism and regional governance published since 1979. It draws from major sources in planning, urban affairs, and public policy. Entries are arranged in eleven categories, beginning with existing literature reviews of the topic. The bibliography contains 168 annotated entries, a subject index, jurisdiction and planning organization indexes, and a periodicals index.
The Portland metropolitan area has benefited from the intergovernmental cooperation employed across the region and the sense of metropolitan identity that is held by public officials and the general public. The key tools that have been employed include formation of a metropolitan government, establishment of an urban growth boundary to contain sprawl and redirect market forces to produce a more compact region, and development of a regional light rail system and a regional parks and open space system. This paper argues that linking the typically inward focus of sustainable development to a global context, the region can realize an even greater benefit.
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