Fenton-reaction initiated in vitro oxidation and in vivo oxidative biotransformation of salicylic acid was investigated by HPLC-UV-Vis method. By means of the developed high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method salicylic acid, catechol, and all the possible monohydroxylated derivatives of salicylic acid can be separated. Fenton oxidations were performed in acidic medium (pH 3.0) with two reagent molar ratios: (1) salicylic acid: iron: hydrogen peroxide 1:3:1 and (2) 1:0.3:1. The incubation samples were analysed at different time points of the reactions. The biological effect of elevated reactive oxygen species concentration on the intestinal metabolism of salicylic acid was investigated by an experimental diabetic rat model. HPLC-MS analysis of the in vitro samples revealed presence of 2,3- and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acids. The results give evidence for nonenzyme catalysed intestinal hydroxylation of xenobiotics.
The recently published book of studies aims to tell the story of the mountaineers of the past, showing their relationship with the Alpine landscape through their writings, drawings and photographs. It takes us from the early expeditions to the speed climbers of the present day, while answering many questions: among others what attracted the lovers of rocks, what did they hope for and fear on their journeys through the high mountains. The book is multidisciplinary, the authors are mostly historians and archivists, but there are also sociologists, geographers, economists, ethnologists and philosophers of art among them. The history of mountaineering shows the impact of alpinism on the development of the lagging regions, the relationship between town and country, the imprint of social changes, as well as the explanation of the orientation towards new, untrodden paths and unknown landscapes. Given the above, alpine tourism developments should not only consider climate change, but also the social and psychological processes that attract people to the mountains.
In vivo absorption and oxidative metabolism of salicylic acid in rat small intestine was studied by luminal perfusion experiment. Perfusion through the lumen of proximal jejunum with isotonic medium containing 250 μm sodium salicylate was carried out. Absorption of salicylate was measured by a validated HPLC-DAD method which was evaluated for a number of validation characteristics (specificity, repeatability and intermediate precision, limit of detection, limit of quantification, linearity and accuracy). The method was linear over the concentration range 0.5-50 μg/mL. After liquid-liquid extraction of the perfusion samples oxidative biotransformation of salicylate was also investigated by HPLC-MS. The method was linear over the concentration range 0.25-5.0 μg/mL. Two hydroxylated metabolites of salicylic acid (2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid) were detected and identified. The mean recovery of extraction was 72.4% for 2,3-DHB, 72.5% for 2,5-DHB and 50.1% for salicylic acid, respectively. The methods were successfully applied to investigate jejunal absorption and oxidative metabolism of sodium salicylate in experimental animals. The methods provide analytical background for further metabolic studies of salycilates under modified physiological conditions.
Az első személyi igazolvány átvétele napjainkban már nem olyan meghatározó élmény Magyarországon, mint ahogyan az idősebb generációk emlékezetében él, amikor serdülő korban többnyire az osztálytársakkal közösen ünnepélyes formában átvették az okiratot. Anélkül változtattak 2009-ben az okirat kiállításának gyakorlatán, hogy figyelembe vették volna a vele járó űrt az identitásformálásban. Jelen tanulmány kulturális antropológiai szempontokból vizsgálta a személyi igazolvány egykori szerepét. A 16 majd 14 éves korhoz kötött kötelező kiállítása és kézhezvétele átmeneti rítusként volt jelen a magyar fiatalok életében, amely ezáltal jelentősen hozzájárult ahhoz, hogy ráébredjenek és felkészüljenek a nagykorúsággal együtt járó állampolgári jogokra és kötelezettségekre. Az összehasonlítás igazolja a személyi igazolvány átvételének rítusként történő értelmezését. Ez a felismerés azért is fontos, mivel jelenleg Magyarországon nincsen olyan eszköz az állampolgárságra nevelésben, amely a fiatalokat olyan erővel készteti a jogkövető állampolgári lét felismerésére, mint ahogyan erre az első személyi igazolvány átadása a korábbiakban képes volt. Ez a fel nem ismert, vagy eléggé nem hangsúlyozott beavatás olyan űrt hagyott maga után, amelynek kitöltése az állampolgárságra nevelés jövőbeli feladata.
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