BackgroundLong‐duration beta‐lactam antibiotics are used for empirical treatment in female dogs with uncomplicated bacterial cystitis. However, women with bacterial cystitis are treated with short‐duration potentiated sulfonamides because longer courses of beta‐lactams result in lower cure and higher recurrence rates.Hypothesis/ObjectivesShort‐duration potentiated sulfonamide treatment is more efficacious than long‐duration beta‐lactam treatment in achieving clinical and microbiological cures in female dogs with uncomplicated bacterial cystitis.AnimalsThirty‐eight client‐owned female dogs.MethodsRandomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled clinical trial. Dogs were treated with TMP‐SMX (15 mg/kg PO q12h for 3 days followed by a placebo capsule PO q12h for 7 days; Group SDS; n = 20) or cephalexin (20 mg/kg PO q12h for 10 days; Group LDBL; n = 18). Dogs were monitored for clinical and microbiological cure during treatment and at short‐ and long‐term follow‐up.ResultsNo statistically significant differences were found between treatment groups in clinical cure rates after 3 days of treatment (89% SDS, 94% LDBL; P = 1.00) and 4 days (85% SDS, 72% LDBL; P = .44) or >30 days (50% SDS, 65% LDBL; P = .50) after conclusion of treatment or in microbiological cure rates 4 days (59% SDS, 36% LDBL; P = .44) or >30 days (44% SDS, 20% LDBL; P = .40) after conclusion of treatment.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceWe did not identify a difference in cure rates between short‐duration sulfonamide and long‐duration beta‐lactam treatments in female dogs with uncomplicated cystitis. Long‐term cure rates in both treatment groups were low. In some female dogs, “uncomplicated” bacterial cystitis may be more complicated than previously recognized.
Embryonic rat-brain extract contains a collagen-stimulating factor which enhances the production of collagen types I, 111, IV and V by cultured rat muscle cells. Here we report on the partial characterization and possible mechanism of action of a low-molecular-mass fraction with ascorbate-like activity isolated from embryonic rat brain extracts. This activity eluted very close to ascorbate when filtered through Bio-Gel P-2 and Sephadex (3-10. The peak of biological activity showed properties of a reducing agent. Both the biological and reducing activities were lost when the fraction was treated with the enzyme ascorbate oxidase. This factor enhanced in a timedependent manner, the secretion of procollagen, pulse-labeled with [3H]proline. Incubation of the muscle cultures with the factor increased by 1 5-fold the ratio of hydroxyproline to proline residues in secreted macromolecules over controls. A fourfold increase in the above ratio was obtained for the cellular proteins. Crude homogenates from control and factor-stimulated cultures were tested for prolyl hydroxylase activity using [3H](Pro-Gly-Pro), as a substrate. Cultures treated with the collagen-stimulating factor showed a 5 -SO-fold increase in prolyl hydroxylation activity compared to controls. No effect on prolyl hydroxylation was found when the factor was added in vitro to either control or stimulated enzyme preparations. Our results suggest that the collagen-stimulating factor contains ascorbate-like activity which promotes the secretion of collagenous proteins by increasing hydroxylation of proline residues in their polypeptide backbone.It is now accepted that extracellular matrix macromolecules play a role in embryonic development and in regeneration [I]. Studies on the formation of nerve-muscle synapses showed the formation of a specialized extracellular matrix in the synaptic cleft at the time of contact formation [2-41. In addition, basement membrane components participate in aggregation of acetylcholine receptors on muscle [5, 61 and in regeneration of the neuromuscular junction [7, 81. We have previously reported on the role of newly synthesized collagen molecules in the aggregation of acetylcholine receptors on the surface of cultured rat primary muscle cells. We have also shown that collagen production (types I, 111, IV and V) in muscle cultures can be promoted by rat embryonic brain extract which was added to the cultures or by coculturing muscle cells together with embryonic spinal cord explants [9 -121. On the basis of these findings we hypothesized on the existence of a neurotrophic factor whose function is to stimulate the production of collagen macromolecules.Ascorbic acid has been shown to be a cofactor in collagen production. It participates as a cofactor of the enzyme prolyl hydroxylase that specifically hydroxylates selected proline residues in procollagen [I 3 -151. This molecule was also implicated in the activation of the inactive form of prolyl hydroxylase in various types of cultured cells [15-171. High concentrations of ascorb...
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