Hal itosis is an embarrassing symptom with a significant social impact. Halitosis affects millions of people worldwide and many resources are spent annually in products to improve halitus, unsuccessfully. The study of halitosis in a scientific basis is justified once halitosis causes social restriction, decreases life quality and may be an indication of serious diseases. Aim: To elaborate a protocol for halitosis assessment in order to minimize costs, avoid unnecessary tests and provide a guideline for diagnosis. METHODS: The protocol was created based on the literature and on the authors' personal experiences, adopting an evidence-based anamnesis. Results: There are many causes of halitosis and most of them are related to the oral cavity; others are related to otolaryngologic and respiratory diseases. Gastrointestinal diseases, liver/renal impairment and other metabolic syndromes are less frequent, but also important causes of halitosis. Conclusion: There are important costs involved in halitosis assessment and treatment, including medical appointments, specialist assessment, and complementary tests. Such costs would be minimized by adopting a protocol of evidence-based anamnesis and a flowchart for a rational clinical investigation.
A simple, easy, and safe procedure aiming to improve liver regeneration could be of great clinical benefit in critical situations such as major hepatectomy, trauma, or hemorrhage. Low-power laser irradiation (LPLI) has come into a wide range of use in clinical practice by inducing regeneration in healthy and injured tissues. However, the effect of LPLI on the process of liver regeneration, especially those related to the molecular mechanisms, is not fully understood. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the main molecular mechanisms involved in liver regeneration of partially hepatectomized rats exposed to LPLI. We used Wistar male rats, which had their remaining liver irradiated or not with LPLI (wavelength of 632.8 nm and fluence of 65 mW/cm(2)) for 15 min after a 70% hepatectomy. We subsequently investigated hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), Met, Akt, and Erk 1/2 signaling pathways through protein expression and phosphorylation analyses along with cell proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki-67) using immunoblotting and histological studies. Our results show that LPLI can improve liver regeneration as shown by increased HGF protein expression and the phosphorylation levels of Met, Akt, and Erk 1/2 accompanied by higher levels of the PCNA and Ki-67 protein in the remnant livers. In summary, our results suggest that LPLI may play a clinical role as a simple, fast, and easy-to-perform strategy in order to enhance the liver regenerative capacity of a small liver remnant after hepatectomy.
Introdução:A criptolise convencional com laser CO 2 tem sido realizada com sucesso. Neste caso, um volume considerável de tecido é removido sem preocupação com possíveis reduções das funções das tonsilas. No presente trabalho propomos um método de criptolise com laser de CO 2 , alternativo, para tonsilites crônicas caseosas, com o qual o efeito desejado é obtido apenas através da coagulação pelo laser e não pela volatilização de tecidos. A preservação da tonsila é otimizada. Forma de Estudo: Clínico prospectivo. Objetivos: Apresentar uma técnica modificada de criptolise com laser de CO 2 que iniba a retenção de cáseo, preservando ao máximo o parênquima tonsilar. Material e Método: As criptolises foram realizadas em um grupo de trinta e um indivíduos portadores de tonsilite crônica caseosa, com grande eliminação de cáseo e demais sintomas associados. Os pacientes foram selecionados no ambulatório de ORL HC-UNICAMP. Utilizamos 6 W de laser CO 2 em modo contínuo, desfocado, em varredura (Swiftlase) em torno da abertura das criptas e, após, sobre toda a superfície da tonsila, produzindo apenas coagulação da superfície. Para desaparecimento dos sintomas foram necessárias, em média, sete aplicações, repetidas a cada três semanas. Resultados: A técnica proposta foi efetiva em 87% dos casos. Nos 13% restantes houve, também, a necessidade de volatilização de regiões de confluência de criptas. O tempo de seguimento foi de dois anos, sem evidências de complicações. Conclusão: Concluímos ser esta uma técnica segura e eficiente, podendo ser realizada ambulatorialmente sob anestesia tópica, permitindo ao paciente retorno imediato às suas atividades.
The results of the present study showed that the effect of the use of laser light was more evident at early stages of healing and that the use of polarized light improved the resolution of the inflammatory reaction, increased the deposition of collagen, increased the number of myofibroblasts, and quickened re-epithelialization during the experimental time.
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