Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) caused by computer use have become the most common ergonomic risks. The risk experienced can be in the form of financial losses or even lives. Therefore, efforts are needed to prevent the occurrence of ergonomic risks so as not to cause large losses. The Rapid Office Strain Assessment (ROSA) has been designed to identify ergonomic risk factors and is reliable for the assessment of office workers' MSDs. This study evaluates the potential risk of ergonomics in female office workers because a previous study found that MSDs were more common in women. From the two workers observed, it was found that workers 1 and 2 received different scores on several assessment components. The different things are the length of the seat holder, armrests, spine brace, and keyboard. This difference is caused by body posture and different types of chairs. The length of the chair and the spinal brace is influenced by the different postures of the two workers. Worker 1 has a shorter upper leg length than worker 2, so she cannot use the backbone section of the chair. Although there are differences in scores on some components of the assessment, both workers have the same final ROSA score, which is 5. This indicates that further posture assessment needs to be done using tools other than ROSA to detect the specific cause of MSDs levels.
Purpose This study aims to explore how to apply and integrate the performance management (PM) process in humanitarian supply chains (HSCs) among and between humanitarian organizations (HOs) and donors so as to improve cost-efficiency (CE) and lead-time effectiveness (LTE) in the stage of natural disaster preparedness. Design/methodology/approach This study adapts and operationalizes a framework for the PM process used in commercial supply chains to assess HSCs. A multiple-case study with two types of actors – six HOs and three donors—is used to describe the applications of the PM process and analyze the level of integration between the actors. Findings The activities in the PM process could sometimes be only vaguely described. Both actors emphasized improving CE, with less emphasis on LTE. Both actors have a low level of integration in each PM process activity, decreasing the CE and LTE. Therefore, guidelines for improving the level of PM process integration are provided. Research limitations/implications To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is one of the first to combine literature on HSCs and PM process integration, thereby contributing to both literature fields. The concrete contribution of this study is a framework for PM process application and integration among and between HOs and donors. Practical implications The PM process framework can be used to assess PM process application, as well as current and increased level of integration, to improve CE and LTE. The current applications can also inspire other HOs and donors. Originality/value Previous studies indicate the lack of frameworks in the PM domain of HSCs, especially in the stage of natural disaster preparedness.
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