Several internal structures have been used to estimate age in the cephalopod Octopus vulgaris, but with limited accuracy. We estimated age by investigating growth increments (rings) in the upper beaks of octopus collected between 2003 and 2010 in the Bay of Naples, Italy (Mediterranean Sea). To validate the daily periodicity of ring deposition, 'thermal shock marking' was for the first time applied to live octopuses fished between 2009 and 2010; this method produced a mark on the beak corresponding to the day of thermal shock, enabling us to elucidate the relationship between ring number and time elapsed (i.e. ~30 d). In addition, rings were counted in > 700 preserved specimens of O. vulgaris collected between 2003 and 2009, also in the Bay of Naples. The estimated age of of these octopuses ranged from about 70 to 370 d. Specimens with similar body weights had different numbers of rings, confirming the view that body size is a not a good index of age. Additionally, the relationship between body weight and number of rings was affected by sex and season, with the distance between rings clearly correlated to seasonal temperature oscillations. Our data suggest that different cohorts of octopus exist in the Bay of Naples and that temperature has a strong influence on growth. Overall the results demonstrate that growth increments in the upper beak of O. vulgaris provide a reliable method of aging that can be applied to assessing differences in the growth patterns in wild populations, and one that provides a record of environmental influences upon an individual. KEY WORDS: Octopus · Age · Thermal marking · Upper beak · Seasonal variability Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 441: 141-149, 2011 142 Age determination in cephalopods has been based on both indirect and direct methods. Indirect methods are not reliable with cephalopods (e.g. Semmens et al. 2004), mainly because growth in any cephalopod species appears to be affected by a series of both biotic and abiotic factors, leading to large individual variability (Mangold 1983, Forsythe & Van Heukelem 1987, Domain et al. 2000, Belcari et al. 2002. As a consequence, body size (weight and dorsal mantle length) is not a reliable indicator of age. For this reason indirect methods require validation by at least one direct method (Krstuloviç Šifner 2008).Among direct methods, one of the most useful means of age estimation in cephalopods is statolith increment analysis. This method has been systematically applied to squids (Arkhipkin & Laptikhovsky 1994, Jackson 1994, Rocha & Guerra 1999, Arkhipkin 2005, Ikeda & Kobayashi 2010 and to cuttlefish (Raya et al. 1994, Bettencourt & Guerra 2001, Challier et al. 2002. Unfortunately, statolith analysis is not useful here as octopus species, including Octopus vulgaris, lack growth rings in this structure (Young 1960, Lombarte et al. 2006). In the case of O. vulgaris, other internal structures have been analysed over the past 20 yr for direct age determination. ...
Among the Lophotrochozoa, centralization of the nervous system reaches an exceptional level of complexity in cephalopods, where the typical molluscan ganglia become highly developed and fuse into hierarchized lobes. It is known that ganglionic primordia initially emerge early and simultaneously during cephalopod embryogenesis but no data exist on the process of neuron differentiation in this group. We searched for members of the elav/hu family in the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis, since they are one of the first genetic markers of postmitotic neural cells. Two paralogs were identified and the expression of the most neural-specific gene, Sof-elav1, was characterized during embryogenesis. Sof-elav1 is expressed in all ganglia at one time of development, which provides the first genetic map of neurogenesis in a cephalopod. Our results unexpectedly revealed that Sof-elav1 expression is not similar and not coordinated in all the prospective ganglia. Both palliovisceral ganglia show extensive Sof-elav1 expression soon after emergence, showing that most of their cells differentiate into neurons at an early stage. On the contrary, other ganglia, and especially both cerebral ganglia that contribute to the main parts of the brain learning centers, show a late extensive Sof-elav1 expression. These delayed expressions in ganglia suggest that most ganglionic cells retain their proliferative capacities and postpone differentiation. In other molluscs, where a larval nervous system predates the development of the definitive adult nervous system, cerebral ganglia are among the first to mature. Thus, such a difference may constitute a cue in understanding the peculiar brain evolution in cephalopods.
Abstract:The rare findings of specimens in larval or post-larval stages (6 phyllosomas and 7 nistos/early juveniles) belonging to the family Scyllaridae are reported for the waters around Sicily. Some were stranded on different winter occasions near the Strait of Messina (north-eastern Sicily), while others were collected during experimental trawl surveys carried out in the Sicilian Channel, at depths up to 450 m. All phyllosoma instars were in advanced stages of development; however, the absence of complete morphological references on the larval characteristics of the family Scyllaridae, necessary for distinguishing the different genera (Scyllarus and Scyllarides, small or large slipper lobsters, or the extremely rare Acantharctus) and species inhabiting the Mediterranean, did not allow to attribute the phyllosomas to a specific taxon. On the contrary, apart from one nisto without apparent lobes (maybe belonging to the species Scyllarides latus), nistos/early juveniles could be classified at generic level on the basis of similarities with the morphology of adult antennae, as pertaining to the genus Scyllarus, but the characters of juveniles are in general ineffective to discriminate between Scyllarus arctus and Scyllarus pygmaeus (the only two known Central Mediterranean species); in fact, the small size and the depth at which they settled suggested that some may belong to the smaller, deeper species Scyllarus pygmaeus.
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