Objectives. To examine associations between caregiving mental or behavioral health outcomes among emerging US adults, defined as persons aged 18 to 25 years. Methods. The study sample included emerging adult respondents to the 2015–2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System’s caregiving module. Exposures were caregiver (n = 3087), expectant caregiver (n = 2303), and noncaregiver (n = 12 216) status. Expectant caregivers were defined as persons not currently providing care but anticipating doing so within the next 2 years. Outcomes included frequent mental distress (FMD), drinking (binge or heavy), and current smoking (cigarette or e-cigarette use). We used robust Poisson regression to calculate adjusted prevalence ratios (APRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We adjusted all models for income. Results. Caregivers had a similar prevalence of FMD when compared with both expectant caregivers (APR = 1.67; 95% CI = 1.28, 2.17) and noncaregivers (APR = 1.50; 95% CI = 1.23, 1.82). Caregivers had a higher prevalence of current cigarette smoking compared with noncaregivers (APR = 1.44; 95% CI = 1.21, 1.71). Conclusions. Among emerging adults, providing care is associated with poorer mental health. Point estimates looking at FMD were higher when we compared caregivers with expectant caregivers, suggesting a difference in exchangeability between comparison groups. Public Health Implications. This study highlights the importance of including emerging adults in caregiving research. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print October 15, 2020: e1–e8. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305894 )

Investigative interviewing can be thought of as the interaction between two clusters of factors: questions and techniques. Analyses of question types and interview techniques are often treated discretely, where one is the focal point at the expense of the other, or they are conceptually indistinguishable. To explore these relationships further, the current study examined a sample of interviews using the Griffiths Question Map and a taxonomy of interview methods. In addition to presenting maps as example interviews, the article explores the associations between interview clusters and suspect cooperation. Results indicate that greater use of appropriate questions was associated with greater use of rapport-building techniques and greater suspect cooperation, and a reduction in the use of accusatorial interrogation tactics, which themselves were associated with suspect resistance. Implications for research and practice include understanding the interaction between these—and potentially other—clusters.

Introduction: Precocious transitions can create stress by placing excessive demands on adolescents and are associated with adverse outcomes that extend into adulthood. The current study assessed whether exposure to parental intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with adolescent precocious transitions to adulthood.Methods: Data come from 33,360 individuals aged 18+ years in the United States who participated in the National Epidemiologic Surveys of Alcohol and Related Conditions. Six precocious transitions (leaving home early, early sex, early marriage, early parenthood, early full-time employment, and dropping out of high school) were examined. Robust Poisson regression was used to calculate relative risks for the association between IPV exposure and each precocious transition, adjusting for confounders. We assessed effect modification by gender and by exposure to childhood abuse or neglect.Results: Participants exposed to IPV in childhood were at higher risk of engaging in early sex; dropping out of high school; entering into early full-time employment; entering into early marriage; and entering into early parenthood relative to participants not exposed to IPV. Significant interactions between gender and exposure to IPV were detected for early sex and early full-time work outcomes, such that the associations were stronger for females compared to males. Participants exposed to more frequent or more severe IPV in childhood were at even higher risk for experiencing precocious transitions.Conclusions: Individuals exposed to IPV in childhood are more likely to experience precocious transitions to adulthood. Findings highlight the need for interventions to mitigate adverse outcomes in adolescence for children exposed to IPV.

This pilot quasi-experimental trial tested a gender-responsive cognitive behavioral group intervention with 87 court-involved female adolescents (5 juvenile courts) who were at indicated risk for substance use disorder. Participants in the intervention (n = 57) received twice weekly group sessions for 10 weeks (20 sessions) focused on building emotional, thought and behavior regulation skills and generalizing these skills to relationally-based scenarios (GOAL: Girls Only Active Learning). Youth in the control condition (n = 30) received services as usual, which included non-gender-specific aggression management training, individual counseling and no services. The GOAL program was found to be acceptable to youth and parents and feasible to implement within a juvenile court setting using skilled facilitators. Compared to services as usual, the program significantly and meaningfully reduced self-reported delinquent behavior (β = 0.84, p < 0.05) over 6 months, and exhibited trend level effects for reduced substance use (β = 0.40, p = 0.07). The program had mixed or no effects on family conflict and emotion regulation skills. These findings are discussed in light of treatment mechanisms and gender-responsive services.