Background Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) can cause treatment failure and serious adverse drug reactions, leading to morbidity and mortality. Due to their significant effects on the patient’s health, community pharmacists (CPs) competence in detecting and preventing these interactions is essential to provide optimal health services. Thus, this study aimed to explore the performance of the CPs in situations involving the presence of potential DDIs. Methods A cross-sectional, simulated patient study was conducted in 235 community pharmacies in the Khartoum locality. Two scenarios were used to evaluate the performance of the CPs. Ten final year B. Pharm. students were selected to act as simulated patients (SPs); they were trained for two weeks to familiarize their roles. All encounters were documented immediately after leaving the pharmacy by the SPs in the data collection form. Results All planned SPs visits were completed, resulting in 470 visits. None of the CPs asked about the patients’ medication history in both scenarios. After the SPs provided information about the drug used currently by the patient, 13.6% and 23.4% of the CPs had identified the potential DDIs in scenario 1 and scenario 2, respectively. In scenario 1, 59.4% distinguished the interaction of simvastatin with both drugs, while, in scenario 2, 74.5% recognized the interaction of warfarin with both drugs. In identifying DDIs, around half of the CPs were dependent on their knowledge or using drug interaction checker programs. The most common intervention made by the CPs was referring the patient to the prescriber (56.3% CPs in scenario 1 and 60% CPs in scenario 2). Conclusion CPs practice in identifying and managing potential DDIs was poor. The current CPs practices need substantial improvement. Therefore, professional education and the use of software programs in community pharmacies should be encouraged.

Background: Community pharmacists are uniquely positioned at the heart of communities, and their patient counseling role is the cornerstone for achieving the required therapeutic goals. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to explore the perceptions of community pharmacists regarding patient counseling, and their perception towards continuing pharmacy education programs. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional design was performed among randomly selected 238 community pharmacies in Khartoum locality (Sudan) from September 2022 to December 2022. The data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire adopted from a previous study with few minor modifications, which was adding three sociodemographic questions. Descriptive statistics were carried out according to the study objective to analyze the pharmacists' responses. Results: The majority of the community pharmacists gave counseling and understood its importance to the patients, most of them (70.6%) took 1-5 minutes during the dispensing process. The dose was the most provided information by community pharmacists (26.7%) followed by administration (23.7%) and duration (22.4%). Few (28.2%) of the patients ask the pharmacists about the cost of the medication. Lack of patients' interest (55%) was the major barrier to effective counseling followed by lack of time (47.9%). Almost all (96.2%) pharmacists in this study were interested in continuing pharmacy education programs, and they preferred programs focusing on common diseases (36.6%), and common drugs (30.3%). Conclusion:This study showed that the majority of community pharmacists in the Khartoum locality had positive perceptions toward patient counseling and they were interested in continuing pharmacy education programs.

Background: Drug-related problems (DRPs) are a global issue that impacts the efficacy and safety of the therapy, and pediatric patients are considered to be more vulnerable to DRPs, thus requiring more attention. Community pharmacists (CPs) are in a position that allow them to identify and alleviate these DRPs. Objectives: This study evaluated the ability of CPs in identifying and resolving DRPs in a pediatric prescription. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 235 community pharmacies to evaluate the ability of CPs working in the Khartoum locality to identify DRPs in a pediatric prescription and how they intervene to resolve these problems. Fifth-final year B. Pharm. Students were selected and trained to act as simulated patients (SPs) for this study. The visits were performed by using a simulated prescription that contains three different types of DRPs. The information obtained from the visits was documented immediately by the SPs after leaving the pharmacy in a data collection form. Results: All planned SPs visits were completed. Of the 235 community pharmacies, only 50 (21.3%) CPs were able to identify at least one of the DRPs. The most common type of DRP identified was the wrong duration of the treatment 19%, followed by the wrong dose 4%. The interventions made by CPs to mitigate the identified DRPs included recalculation and correction of the dose according to weight, which was made by 10 CPs, and correction of the duration, which was done by 45 CPs. None of the CPs who identified the presented DRPs communicated with the physician or referred the SP to the prescriber. The average dispensing time of the CPs was 68.18 ± 36.1 s. Conclusions: The majority of the CPs in the Khartoum locality were unable to identify DRPs in a pediatric prescription. Correction of the dose and duration of treatment were from the attempts of CPs to resolve DRPs. However, no collaboration was observed between CPs and physicians. In general, the practice of CPs in Khartoum locality in this area requires substantial improvement.