This paper by focusing on the intersection of race, gender and identity as reflected in the three memoirs of the Puerto-Rican American writer Esmeralda Santiago, When I was Puerto Rican (1993), Almost a Woman (1998) and The Turkish Lover (2004), attempts to read into the complex dynamics of the Puerto-Rican migrant female experience. Esmeralda Santiago's memoirs that intertwine the problem of transculturation with that of male dominance and cultural patriarchy rest on her desire to find and sustain a stable point of reference in a world marked by mobility, transitivity, discontinuity and fragmentation. The feelings of vulnerability and invisibility that she constantly experiences within her Puerto-Rican culture and later with her Turkish lover lead her to resist rather than accept a gendered and racialized self. However it also leads her to forge an identity "distinct from" and "in conflict with" the significant Others around her. In When I was Puerto Rican, she is the black jibara "Negi" highly critical and at odds with her Puerto/AmeRican island heritage; in Almost A Woman, she is the lost young female Esmeralda trying to rise above her mother, family and Nuyorican community; and in the The Turkish Lover she is the Esmeralda Santiago who learns to judge her own self and others through the social and racial categories and cultural standards of American society. This paper asserts that unlike many women autobiographical writers, Esmeralda Santiago can achieve to create a sense of belonging in her life only through an assertion of difference and later through the contestation of her Puerto-Rican female identity.
ÖzThis paper argues that Jennifer J. Garrity's historical children's novel Secret of the Scribe (2008) with its ctional stereotyping of Ancient Sumer and its polytheistic religion undercuts the possibility of the novel to critically engage its child readers with Sumerian history and culture. By selecting a young female slave as the historical personage of her novel and endowing her with contemporary qualities in tandem with individualism and the ethos of the marketplace, Garrity draws a very modern individual atypical of her time. While, the reader, on one hand, looks back critically on Sumerians' developed sense of collectivist religion, interpreting it as a threat to self-determination and personal autonomy, on the other hand, s/he appreciates the Sumerians for being the rst ancient civilization that bears the imprints of a capitalist market society. The use of history enters the text, in so far as it creates a safe zone for fashioning, perpetuating and justifying the norms and values of the present and reassuring the future.Bu makale, Jennifer J. Garrity'nin Secret of The Scribe (2008) isimli çocuk romanının, Antik Sümer uygarlığını ve çok tanrılı Sümer dinini kurgusal düzlemde klişileştirerek, çocuk okurların Sümer tarihi ve kültürüne eleştirel bir bakış geliştirebilme ihtimalini yok ettiğini ileri sürmektedir. Garrity'nin, romanın tarihi ana karakteri olarak köle bir genç kadın seçmesi ve ona bireycilik ve piyasa etiği gibi çağdaş nitelikler vermesi, ait olduğu zamana uymayan, oldukça modern bir birey portresi çizmektedir. Okur, bir yandan Sümerlerin gelişmiş kolektif din anlayışına eleştirel gözle bakıp bunu kendi kaderini tayin etme ve kişisel özerkliğine bir tehdit olarak algılarken, diğer yandan Sümerleri kapitalist pazar toplumunun izlerini taşıyan ilk uygarlık olması nedeniyle takdir eder. Bu şekilde, tarih kullanımı, günümüze ait norm ve değerlerin düzenlenip sürdürülmesi ve meşrulaştırılması ve bu sayede de geleceğin teminat altına alınmasını açısından güvenli bir alan yaratılabildiği müddetçe metne dahil olur. AbstractWriting historical ction involves the selection and interpretation of the 1 elements of a "usable past" to present to the reader an imaginative storyline with an "intelligible" history. The use of history, however, tells us more about the writer's present-day ideologies rather than the so-called truth of past realities. For, the meaning of history, it has been suggested, does not lie in the sequence of mere actions It is meanings, rather than factual accuracy, that the present looks for when it contemplates the past. Events may be part of a xed past, but their meanings are part of the changing present. (Baxendale and Pawling 8).
Recent studies on humanities put forward the idea that if the human population continues to grow, as it does now, without any restraint and environmental awareness, the whole world will be on the verge of an environmental catastrophe. Sheri Stewart Tepper, a science-fiction American writer, wrote her novel The Margarets (2007) from an ecofeminist point of view. In the dystopian future world of the novel, Margaret Bain, the female protagonist, undertakes the mission to save humankind from the danger of extinction. In order to this, she has to find a way to get back the stolen collective memory of humans since memory is the fundamental element in uniting humans, and ultimately making them perfect humans. Humans genetically are capable of learning from their past mistakes. They build a collective memory by learning from their previous mistakes and with this knowledge they continue their existence. Since the human population cannot continue living on Earth, people have to find other planets to live on. Margaret, the only child of her planet, creates six alternate selves, each taking different paths and living their own lives on different planets. When all of the Margarets come together sharing their experience and knowledge, they feel empathy towards the others and by this way they become perfect. Memory together with empathy unites the fragmented selves into a perfect whole. Only when people remember their past/history, then they are more aware of what is waiting for them in the future. By taking a comprehensive point of view and remembering the consequences of past actions, humans can help the healing of the Earth as a natural necessity. Only by this way, humankind and all other species will continue surviving in harmony. The purpose of this study is to analyse the novel from an ecocritical point of view, in terms of posthumanist approaches towards collective memory which may form the destiny of humanity.
Gli sforzi interni nei materiali da costruzione, determinati mediante la luce polarizzata PER E. G. COKER~ M. A., D. ~c., F. R. ~'., M. Inst. C. E, Professor(' di Meccani('a applicata allc Co.~.tr~,zioJ~i ~ella Facolth d' ingeflneria dell'U~icersith di Lo~dra ~). PRIME R, ICERq'HI,~ SUGId SFORZ1 INTERNI. Lo studio degli sforzi interni (str,'.~'.~e.~')nei materiali pub dirsi abbia avuto origine (-on la celebre discussione di Galileo (~a.lilei su! modo con cui una trave inca st~ata resiste ad un ~-arico applieato all'altra, estremith. Nei sm)i Dialoo'hi, pubblicarl a Leida nel 1638, Galilei mostra una figura di mla tra ve, e propone una teoria 1)asata sull'ipotesi ehe il materiale sia perfettamente rigido. Egli arriva alia conelusione che in ta]e caso v'6 mm ten sione uniforme attraverso la sezione della trave, e the tall tensioni hanno come fulcro l'estremiti~ d'incastro. Perei6 la questione sollevata da Galilei riguardante li) stato degli sti)rzi neIP interno di una tra ve non appare di essere stata assogettara a nessun genere di prova sperimentale del tempo, e difatti in tale periodo era ancora embrionale quel vigoroso spirito di ~) L~ conferenza venne gentilmente espost~ &tl lbrof. Corbino alhL Societ~t It-flian~ di fisica, sotto la presidenza del prof. senatore V. Vo]terra, il 20 dicembre 1915. Vodasi sullo stesso argomento: Prof. Luigi Luiggi: Il metodo sperimentale dcl Prof. Coker l)er determinate gli sforzi, interni ~ei materiali da costruzio~e mediaMc la lace polarizzata. --Roma, ~< Anm~li SocietiL Ingegneri e Architetti ~). 16 gcnnaio 1916, e 1~ memori,% Rapport ctttre les matht;matique,~ ct l'art de /'I~g~:nie,r. (( At~i del IV Congresso Internaziomth. di nmtematica >~. Roma, Tipografla dei Lincei, 1908-9. Prof. E. G. Coker, (( Presidential ~ddress to the Engineering Section ~>. Anstraliuu meeting of the British Association~ 1914. &tie VI. Vol. XI 22 1) Prof. M. Corbino. --Le tensioni create in un corpo elas~ico dell,distorsioni di Voltcrra, c I~L consegue4ttc d,,lq)ia, rifraziOne a,ccidenCah'. Rendico~gi Accademia dei Lilteei, 1 ~ semestro 1909 --1'. 437. Prof. G. Tra,ba,cchi. --I fenomeni di doppia rifra,zione accideutah, prodotti dalle tensioni erca,te in un c,,rpo elastico dalle dist.r.-ioni di Volterra.. Idem idem --p. 444. 2 ) Vedansi fra gli altri la,vori del proL sena,tore Volterra quello (~ Sur l'~iquilibre des corps 6lastiques multiplement connexes ~>. Pa,ris, Gauthicr-Villars, 1907. Sullo stesso a,rgomento il prof. ing. Parvopassu di Pa,dova, fece una importantissima, comunicazione a,l VII Congresso della, Societt~ Ita,liana pel Progresso delle Scienzo, Siena, 1913~ col r Reee~ti progressi della seie~t~t~ (, della tecniea dellc eostruzioni.
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