There is ample evidence of bullying victimization-perpetration association. However, little is known about the role of socioemotional variables in reinforcing or mitigating it. There is a need to delve deeper into what victims feel and do that leads them to bully. This study aimed to analyze the moderating role of peer relationship management and anger regulation in the victimization-perpetration association, controlling gender and age. This cross-sectional study involved 874 Spanish middle school students (47.8% girls) aged 11 to 18 years ( M = 13.92, SD = 1.45). The results revealed that the perpetration was positively related to victimization and negatively related to peer relationship management and anger regulation. In addition, peer relationship management can moderate the victimization-perpetration association, acting as a protective factor, when the ability of victims to regulate anger is sufficiently trained. These findings highlight the importance of designing effective prevention based on socio-emotional development to fully curb bullying.
El acoso escolar provoca graves efectos en quienes se ven implicados, especialmente en las víctimas. Entre ellas, aquellas que viven estos episodios de forma prolongada son quienes manifiestan más consecuencias negativas. Para luchar contra este problema, el alumnado pone en marcha diferentes estrategias de afrontamiento que les permiten detener o sobrellevar estas situaciones y mitigar sus efectos. Este estudio pretende analizar el impacto del programa Asegúrate en las estrategias de afrontamiento usadas por las víctimas. En este trabajo participaron 3,428 alumnos de secundaria obligatoria (48.9% chicas) pertenecientes a 20 centros educativos. Los resultados de ANOVA de medidas repetidas mostraron cómo el programa Asegúrate mejora las estrategias de afrontamiento que usa el alumnado general y victimizado. Estos cambios en el afrontamiento de la victimización ocurren en las ex víctimas y no entre las víctimas estables. La eficacia del programa para la mejora del uso efectivo de las estrategias de afrontamiento queda evidenciada, aunque no se vieron reducidas las estrategias de evitación, siendo estas las menos efectivas. Se discuten razones que expliquen estos resultados e implicaciones para el diseño de programas de prevención e intervención.
There is sufficient evidence on the negative consequences of cyberbullying victimisation depending on the coping styles. Social support seeking is among the most effective strategies for coping with cybervictimisation, but it is scarcely used. The robust Maximum Likelihood (ML) method was used to test the potential mediating role of individual (self-awareness, and responsible decision-making) and contextual variables (self-perceived parental and peer support) in the relationship between cybervictimisation and social support seeking in boys and girls. This cross-sectional study collected data from 1,276 Spanish secondary school students (51.2% boys, 48.8% girls) aged 11–18 (M = 13.88, SD = 1.42). Structural equation modelling (SEM) results pointed out responsible decision-making and self-perceived parental support as relevant mediating factors for girls. By contrast, the model was not significant for boys. These findings highlight the importance of both individual and contextual variables in helping adolescents cope with cyberaggressions, considering gender differences.
Cyberbullying is a problem that is more prevalent and serious among LGBTQ+ people. Previous research has mostly analysed sexual orientation and homophobic cyberaggression. Hence, becomes necessary to consider sex-gender diversity as a whole and aggressions of a general nature. Moreover, existing prejudices underline the need to consider homonegativity as a key variable in this type of cyberviolence. This sequential mixed study explores, in a first qualitative step with focus groups, perceptions on the characterisation of LGBTQ+ cyberbullying and, in a second quantitative step, cybervictimisation in terms of affective-sexual, bodily and gender diversity, and the possible moderating role of internalised homonegativity. The qualitative study involved 175 students and the quantitative study involved 1,971 students aged 12-18 from secondary schools in Andalusia (Spain). Qualitative results identified valuable dimensions of cyberbullying, such as collective LGBTQ+ cybervictimisation. Quantitative results revealed differences in collective LGBTQ+ cybervictimisation according to sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression. It also highlights the moderation of internalised homonegativity, with those at a low level being more sensitive to collective LGBTQ+ cyberaggression. LGBTQ+ cyberbullying is made visible as a construct that includes various types of aggressions aimed at the whole spectrum of affective-sexual diversity and emphasises the need to address internalised homonegativity in psychoeducational interventions involving all students. El ciberacoso es un problema con mayor frecuencia y gravedad entre las personas LGBTQ+. La investigación previa ha analizado, mayoritariamente, la orientación sexual y las ciberagresiones homófobas, siendo necesario incorporar la diversidad sexo-genérica en su conjunto y las agresiones de carácter general. Además, los prejuicios existentes subrayan la necesidad de considerar la homonegatividad como variable clave en este tipo de ciberviolencia. Este estudio mixto secuencial explora, en una primera etapa cualitativa con grupos focales, las percepciones sobre la caracterización del ciberacoso LGBTQ+ y, en una segunda etapa cuantitativa, la cibervictimización en función de la diversidad afectivo-sexual, corporal y de género, y el posible papel moderador de la homonegatividad internalizada. En el estudio cualitativo participaron 175 estudiantes y en el cuantitativo 1.971 de 12 a 18 años de centros de educación secundaria de Andalucía (España). Los resultados cualitativos identificaron dimensiones valiosas del ciberacoso, como la cibervictimización LGBTQ+ colectiva. Los resultados cuantitativos revelaron diferencias en la cibervictimización LGBTQ+ colectiva según la orientación sexual, la identidad y la expresión de género. También destaca la moderación de la homonegatividad internalizada, siendo quienes tienen un nivel bajo más sensibles a las ciberagresiones LGBTQ+ colectivas. Se visibiliza el ciberacoso LGBTQ+ como un constructo que incluye diversos tipos de agresiones dirigidas a todo el espectro de la diversidad afectivo-sexual y se enfatiza la necesidad de incluir la homonegatividad internalizada en las intervenciones psicoeducativas con todo el alumnado.
No abstract
Scientific interest in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and any other sexual orientation, gender identity and/or expression (LGBTQ+) bullying in educational settings has grown exponentially in recent years. However, the varied ways of measuring its occurrence and associated factors have made it difficult to achieve a holistic understanding of this problem. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to provide an updated overview of individual and contextual factors related to LGBTQ+ bullying over the past two decades, based on the measurement approach to this phenomenon. Studies published from 2000 to 2020 were analyzed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses strategy. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied in a staggered process, and 111 articles met all the criteria. Studies focusing on LGBTQ+ bullying victimization or aggression were eligible for inclusion. Our analysis revealed LGBTQ+ bullying is usually examined by measures of general aggressions (47.8%) from the victims’ perspective (87.3%). The best-represented factors across studies were individual characteristics (63.1%; n = 70), especially participants’ sexual orientation and gender identity and expression (68.5%). Boys/males, from a binary gender perspective, and sexual and gender minority youth in general, were more at risk of being targeted for LGBTQ+ bullying. Although contextual factors were far less well-represented, the results revealed that gay-straight alliances, anti-homophobia policies, and social support act as protective factors. This review highlights the need to analyze LGBTQ+ bullying considering the full spectrum of sexual and gender diversity, to examine in more detail its contextual risk/protective factors, and to design public policies and psychoeducational programs in order to address the low effectiveness of generic interventions. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
La educación para la ciudadanía constituye una oportunidad transformadora de la triple crisis planetaria: ecológica, socioambiental y cívica. El objetivo de esta investigación ha sido conocer su enfoque según el principal material curricular utilizado: el libro de texto. Para ello, se consideraron dos editoriales representativas en las aulas infantiles de la ciudad de Sevilla. Concretamente, se aplicó el análisis de contenido a partir de un guion diseñado. Los resultados mostraron la inadaptación educativa a la realidad natural y social, así como la inatención al derecho de participación activa. El trabajo individualizado y pasivo que emerge de la “cultura de fichas” se aleja del conocimiento y relación para con el medio. En este sentido, el análisis de los materiales curriculares refleja la necesidad de replantear la educación en cualquiera de sus niveles de concreción. Este estudio invita a la reflexión crítica en torno al valor de la formación ciudadana ya desde la infancia.
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