Over the past decade, financial inclusion has been a trending topic and key priority in developing countries seeking to build a resilient financial sector and pursuing economic growth. Most of the recently launched financial inclusion initiatives in Egypt, especially those aligned with the 2030 sustainability strategy, have targeted marginalized and excluded individuals. Only a few have addressed the financial inclusion of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Accordingly, this paper aims to identify the main pillars of financial inclusion for SMEs. In keeping up with the mainstream literature, it introduces a number of financial inclusion determinants designed to attract SMEs. They include supply-side determinants such as access to financial services and marketing awareness campaigns, which act as tools to segment financial services and market their benefits to SMEs, and demand-side determinants, which involve the use of financial services. Finally, there is an assessment of the macroeconomic risks to investors and SMEs. The researchers’ methodology was based on first deriving a novel dataset from responses to a questionnaire addressing bankers who manage SME portfolios, second analyzing the dataset through descriptive and inferential statistics and third undertaking a twofold econometric estimation. The econometric estimations started with principal component analysis (PCA) and proceeded to a logistic regression to determine the significant variables pertinent to increasing the financial inclusion of SMEs. The PCA suggested three main pillars determining financial inclusion. They are integrated marketing tools, which increase SMEs’ awareness of and access to the most sophisticated banking services, usage of banking services, and assessment of the macroeconomic risks that would prevent SMEs from gaining access to financial services. As well, the interaction term between the variables derived from the three pillars accounts for a variability of 86.6% in the level of financial inclusion of Egypt’s SMEs.
KAMELeffect and a measure reflecting the country's institutional quality. This interaction variable exhibits the effect of domestic governance on international trade flows across other regions (Álvarez et al., 2018;Beverelli et al., 2018;Heid et al., 2017). Empirical evidence suggests that trade flows are significantly and positively influenced by democratic regimes, and this is embedded in the design and implementation of their trade policies (
This paper aims at shedding light on the extent to which the Agadir Association agreement has fostered inter regional trade between the EU_26 and the Agadir_4. It analyzes the remarkable variation in the spatial/sectoral structure of exports, and the extent to which it has been induced by the Agadir agreement itself or due to the adoption of RoO PANEURO diagonal cumulative scheme. The dataset covers a timeframe from [2000 - 2014] designed to account for sector specific final and intermediate exports through a bilateral gravity model and through tbe Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood Estimator PPML. The methodological approach is considered to be a two-fold one which starts by screening final export and intermediate flows through conducting a ‘Hierarchal Cluster Analysis’. Second step proceeds by exposing the export flows of the 3 clusters to treatment with diagonal RoO through ‘The Double Differences Approach’ DID benchmarked to equally comparable control groups. Across all scenarios applied a remarkable significance of the interaction term combining both treatment effects and time, for the coefficients of 11 out of the 13 sectors were detected and it further asserted that treatment with diagonal RoO contributed to increasing intra-Agadir’s_4 final and intermediate exports and exports to E.U._26.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.