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Background/Aims Traumatic dental injuries are one of the most prevalent diseases globally, impacting people of different ages and socio‐economic statuses. As disease prevention is preferable to management, understanding when an individual's overjet is prone to dental trauma helps identify at‐risk patients, so to institute preventive strategies. The aim of this study was to identify the different overjet sizes that present an increased risk for developing dental trauma across different ages and dentition stages. Methods The title and protocol were registered and published a priori with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) and PROSPERO (CRD42017060907) and followed the JBI methodology of systematic reviews of association (etiology). A three‐step search strategy was performed, including electronic searches of gray literature and four databases. Studies of healthy human participants of any age and in any dental dentition stage were considered for inclusion. Only high methodological quality studies with low risk of bias were included. Where possible, meta‐analyses were performed using the random‐effects model, supplemented with the fixed‐effects model in situations where statistical heterogeneity was ≤50%, assessed using the I2 statistic. Results The study identified 3718 articles, 41 were included. An increased overjet was significantly associated with higher odds of developing trauma in all dentition stages and age groups. Children 0‐6 years with an overjet ≥3mm have an odds of 3.37 (95%CI, 1.36‐8.38, P = 0.009) for trauma. Children in the mixed and secondary dentition with an overjet >5mm have an odds of 2.43 (95%CI, 1.34‐4.42, P = 0.004). Twelve‐year‐old children with an overjet >5mm have an odds of 1.81 (95%CI, 1.44‐2.27, P < 0.0001). Conclusions The results confirm the association between increased overjet and dental trauma. A child in the primary dentition could be considered as having an overjet at risk for trauma when it is ≥3mm. In the early secondary dentition, the threshold for trauma is an overjet ≥5mm.

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Chlorine-containing solutions are used for broad disinfection purposes. Water disinfection literature suggests that their disinfectant action depends on pH values as this will influence the available free chlorine forms. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) has been suggested to have an antimicrobial effect around 80-100 times stronger than the hypochlorite ion. The aim of this paper was to review the influence of pH changes on the efficacy of chlorine-containing endodontic irrigating solutions. An electronic and hand search (articles published through to 2010, including 'in press' articles; English language; search terms 'root canal irrigants AND sodium hypochlorite or hypochlorous acid or superoxidized water or electrochemically activated solution'; 'antimicrobial action AND sodium hypochlorite or hypochlorous acid or superoxidized water or electrochemically activated solution'; 'tissue dissolution AND sodium hypochlorite or hypochlorous acid or superoxidized water or electrochemically activated solution'; 'smear layer AND sodium hypochlorite or hypochlorous acid or superoxidized water or electrochemically activated solution') was performed to identify publications that compared chlorine water solutions with different pH. Of 1304 publications identified, 20 were considered for inclusion in the review. The search resulted in the retrieval of articles studying sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), superoxidized waters (SOW) and sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC). Regarding antimicrobial efficacy, the literature suggested that reducing the pH value of NaOCl to between 6 and 7.5 would lead to improved action; SOW was described as having a lower antimicrobial effect. The tissue dissolution activity NaOCl decreased when the pH reached values between 6 and 7.5; NaDCC and SOW had no clinically relevant tissue dissolution capability. Chlorine solutions of different characteristics appeared to have some cleaning efficacy although they should to be used in conjunction with chelating and/or detergent agents.

Objective To assess the influence of orthodontic treatment on long‐term caries experience in 30‐year‐old South Australians. The research hypothesis that was tested was that those with previous orthodontic treatment would have lower caries experience. Methods In 2005‐2006, a sample of 1859 30‐year‐olds from Adelaide, South Australia, who comprised 47% of participants who had previously taken part in an oral epidemiology study in 1988‐1989, were traced from the Australian electoral roll and invited to participate in a cross‐sectional study investigating long‐term dental health outcomes. Participants completed a questionnaire that collected information on socio‐demographic characteristics, dental health behaviours and receipt of orthodontic treatment. This was followed by clinical examination. The outcome variables were the summed decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) score, and its individual components. Data were analysed using negative binomial regression. Results The response rate for the questionnaire was 34% (n = 632). There were no systematic differences between those who were followed up and those who were not followed up. Clinical data for 448 participants were available for analyses, representing 24% of the originally contacted individuals. By the age of 30, over a third of participants had received orthodontic treatment. Regardless of initial malocclusion classification, orthodontically treated participants had a lower DMFT score at age 30 but this did not reach statistical significance. Adjusted models controlling for socio‐demographic, dental health behaviour and malocclusion status showed no associations between orthodontic treatment and decayed (Exp B: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.72‐1.40), missing (Exp B: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.59‐1.69), or filled teeth (Exp B: 1.18, 95% CI: 0.93‐1.51) or overall DMFT (Exp B: 1.12, 95% CI: 0.88‐1.41). Conclusion There was no difference in the long‐term caries experience of South Australians aged 30 years based on past orthodontic treatment. Our study does not support the contention that those treated orthodontically have better dental health later in life.

Information about retainers on the Internet is easily accessible and usable, though the quality of the content is generally of a moderate level. However, the information is not always accurate and reliable. Both full-time and part-time wear of removable retainers was suggested over greatly varying time periods. Indefinite wear of removable and bonded retainers was also advocated.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bovine pulp tissue dissolution ability of HealOzone, Aquatine Alpha Electrolyte® and 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, used alone or in combination. Thirty bovine pulp fragments were weighed, divided into six groups and placed individually in Eppendorf tubes containing the tested solution until total dissolution occurred. The groups were: G1: saline (negative control), G2: Aquatine Alpha Electrolyte®, G3: 0.5% NaOCl (positive control), G4: Saline + HealOzone, G5: 0.5% NaOCl + HealOzone, G6: Aquatine Alpha Electrolyte® + HealOzone. HealOzone was activated for 2 min with a #6 cup covering the test tube opening on a fixed platform. Two blinded observers using 2× loupes magnification assessed the samples continuously for the first 2 h, and then every hour for the next 8 h. Dissolution speed was calculated by dividing pulp weight by dissolution time (mg min(-1) ). G3 (NaOCl) and G5 (NaOCl + HealOzone) dissolved the pulp tissue completely. The mean dissolution speed for G3 was 0.396 mg min(-1) (SD 0.032) and for G5 was 0.775 mg min(-1) (SD 0.2). Student's t-test showed that G5 dissolved bovine pulp tissue faster than G3 (P = 0.01). Only groups containing sodium hypochlorite dissolved pulp tissue, whilst HealOzone enhanced speed of dissolution.

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