The underlying constructs of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery for Older Children (HRNB-C; Reitan, 1969) were examined for a large sample of learning-disabled children. Scores on the HRNB-C, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised, and the Wide Range Achievement Test were factor analyzed separately for 9- to 10-year-olds, 11- to 12-year-olds, and 13- to 14-year-olds and then the overall group. Like factors were identified across age levels and compared using coefficients of congruence. A six-factor solution emerged for the 9- to 10-year-old group, whereas a seven-factor solution was interpreted for the older groups. Factors appeared to represent Simple Motor Skills, Visually Guided Motor Activities, Verbal Organization and Verbal Concept Formation, Symbolic Langauge Integration, Spatial Organization, and Integration across age. Factors that related to Visual-Spatial Organization and Spatial Memory were less stable. These data were interpreted as suggesting an increase in complexity of neuropsychological functioning with age.
The efficacy of a cognitive-based arithmetic problem-solving model (Dinnel, Glover, & Halpain, in press; Dinnel, Glover, & Ronning, 1984) was tested using 989 students with learning disabilities. Comprehensive neuropsychological test battery information was used to predict composite arithmetic test performance as a means of examining the utility of this model. Results of this study offer support for Dinnel et al.'s (Dinnel, Glover, & Halpain, in press; Dinnel, Glover, & Ronning, 1984) model in accounting for arithmetic performance under continuous visual stimulus conditions. However, these data indicate a more complex neuropsychological underpinning to arithmetic performance in both visual and aural stimulus conditions. The neuropsychological aspects of arithmetic problem solving were discussed in relationship to this cognitive-based model.
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