OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the mean collum angle of maxillary central incisor and to compare it between high angle and low angle patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional, observational study was conducted using lateral cephalometric radiographs of 61 class II division 1 patients (comprised 32 males, 29 females, age range 13 to 30 years) from the record files of patients inducted for Orthodontic management from June 2020 till August 2020 at the Department of Orthodontics, Sindh Institute of Oral Health Science, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan. The sample was divided on the basis of Vertical Analysis (angulation of mandibular plane) into high and low angle cases. Collum angle was measured using the angulation of the Maxillary Central Incisor (MCI). Student t-test was used to compare the mean difference of the collum angle between skeletal vertical malocclusions. RESULTS: Mean value of the collum angle for high angle (Vertical Growth pattern) cases were mean ± standard deviation (4.35°±1.49°) while for low angle groups (Horizontal Growth pattern) were (2.41°±1.60°). CONCLUSION: There Collum angle of permanent maxillary central incisors differ significantly (p<0.001) among high angle and Low angle malocclusions cases (n=61) and showed pronounced axial bending in Class II division 1 incisors with high angle (4.35° ± 1.49°) as compared to low angle malocclusion (2.41° ± 1.60°). KEYWORDS: Collum Angle, Maxillary Central Incisor, Orthodontic Treatment, High Angle, Low Angle.

Objectives: To determine mean change in sagittal and vertical skeletal dimension in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with all four first premolar extractions. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study design. Setting: Department of Orthodontics, Dr. Ishrat-Ul-Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi. Period: Six months from 18th August 2015 to 18th February 2016. Material & Methods:  50 cases treated with all first premolar extractions were included in this study. The analysis was done on pretreatment cephalogram taken at time of enrolment and post treatment lateral cephalogram taken after 12 months of orthodontic treatment and then their measurements were compared to find out changes in the sagittal and vertical dimension. Results: Pre and post mean SNA, SNB, ANB and Pog-Nperp was not significant  while mean A-Nperp was significantly changed after 12 month treatment (p=0.002). Regarding angular measurement, pre and post mean SNMP, FHMP, MMA, Go-OP, SN-OP, Y axis was not significant while mean SN-PP, UI_SN, IMPA was significantly reduced after 12 month treatment. Similarly vertical measurement, pre and post mean LAFH, PFH was not significant while mean UAFH and, TAFH was significantly reduced after 12 months of treatment. Conclusion: Sagittal and vertical skeletal dimension showed no significant change in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with all four first premolar extractions. Some degree of extrusion was noted in all orthodontic patients who have undergone all four first premolar extractions.

Objective: To assess the common concerns of FCPS and MDS trainees in Orthodontics due to COVID-19 lockdown. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in different institutes of Sindh which offered FCPS/MDS training in Orthodontics. The study was carried out after approval from the ethical commit- tee. A questionnaire was designed comprising of 15 questions. Each question aiming to assess the difficulties faced by trainees due to the imposition of lockdown. The questionnaire was distributed amongst 80 participants/trainees in the training year 2 to 4. Results: The average age of study participants was 29 years with range of 27 to 38 years. In this study a large number of subjects said that they were unsure regarding completion of cases due to lockdown i.e; n=63,(77.8%). Approximately half of the study subjects thought that there will be mas- sive patient burden after resuming to the normal practice i.e 40(49.4%). Nearly quarter of them were puzzled that due to lockdown it was difficult to focus on thesis and research work i.e 18(22.2%). Few of them also responded that after resuming to the normal practice there would be pressure from su- perior authorities for academic works i.e; n=9,(11.1%). Conclusion: This study analyzed those major concerns were non-availability of basic materials for procedures, fear of completion of cases due to lockdown and massive patient burden in clinics after uplifting of lockdown. Therefore, Covid-19 lockdown has in many ways affected the academic and clinical activities of the post-graduate students. The uncertainty to tackle this surprise situation is still an unanswered question.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: To find out the optimal ranges of smile attractiveness on basis of different amounts of buccal corridor widths, as judged by Pakistani orthodontists, prosthodontists and conservative dentistry specialists (CDS). METHODOLOGY: Present cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2016 to June 2017. The anterior smiling image of a female model was edited to be converted to 10 images displaying different amounts of buccal corridor width. After informed consent from the subject, different buccal corridors widths images were created at following widths: 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, and 18%. This was followed by measurement of smile attractiveness of these 10 images on a visual analogue scale by 30 evaluators in three groups. Group 1 consisted of 10 CDS, group 2 consisted of 10 prosthodontists and group 3 consisted of 10 orthodontists. The data was collected and scores of smile attractiveness were presented in form of mean and standard deviation for each group. The differences in the three groups regarding perception of smile attractiveness were found out using ANOVA test and Turkey’s post-hoc test was used for multiple comparisons. RESULTS: For group 1, the highest scoring was obtained by image showing 10% buccal corridor width. In group 2, the highest score was by image showing 14% buccal corridor width, whereas in group 3, the highest scoring was showing 12% buccal corridor width. The differences found were statistically insignificant. CONCLUSION: Dental specialty does not affect perception of smile attractiveness. Buccal corridor width greater than 14% should be avoided.

Objective: To find the pattern of isolated mandibular symphysis fracture and trends in management at a tertiary care hospital of Karachi, Pakistan. Study Design: Crossectional study. Setting: Department of Oral Surgery, Sir Syed Medical & Dental Hospital-Karachi, Pakistan. Period: January 2018 to December 2019. Material & Methods: Eighty one patients were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were diagnosed with isolated anterior mandibular fracture on basis of detailed history, thorough clinical examination and a radiologic investigation (OPG). Etiology of fracture and gender distribution was observed, fracture pattern was observed on basis of helmet wearing. Results: There was a male predilection with a male to female ratio of 4.3:1. Road traffic accident was the commonest cause. 82.7 % of patients were not wearing helmet at time of incidence and 69% from all patients had displaced mandibular fracture which resulted in derranged occlusion. Conclusion: Isolated anterior mandibular fractures is common in younger age group, with a male predilection. Most common etiologic factor is road traffic accident. Displaced fracture pattern is prevalent among patients who were not wearing helmet at time of incidence.