All five-skeletal cephalometric sagittal analyses are reliable and can be used in orthodontic diagnosis as alternative to each other.

The rate of tooth movement is more rapid with Ni Ti coil spring than with the elastomeric module.

Objective: To evaluate the correlation between the degree of mandibular incisor crowding, lower incisor position and vertical craniofacial configuration in different malocclusions. Study Design: Cross-sectional analytical study. Place and Duration of Study: Orthodontics department, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jan to Dec 2018. Methodology: This study was conducted on 100 pre-treatment study casts and lateral cephalographs of orthodontic, aged 10 to 26 years. Patients who presented with complaints of lower incisors crowding were included in the study. The cephalogram tracings, calculations and lower incisor crowding measurements were taken. All the fifteen parameters of vertical craniofacial configuration, lower incisors position and sagittal skeletal base relationship were measured. Result: Out of 100 patients, 45 were males and 55 were females with a mean age of 16.11 ± 3.53 years. According to this study, there was no statistically significant correlation between the degree of lower incisor crowding and vertical facial proportions and incisor position in studied malocclusions. Conclusion: The lower incisor crowding was a local and independent discrepancy. It was a frequently encountered problem, successful therapy depends upon several contributing factors that must be identified for successful management.

Objective: To investigate whether there is any difference in the perception of altered smile esthetics among dentist, students and layperson. Study Design: Comparative cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institutes of Dentistry Rawalpindi, from Jan to Jun 2019. Methodology: A total of 120 individuals were selected among which 40 were dentists, 40 were students and 40 lay persons to evaluate smile on given questioner. An individual was photographed in frontal posed smile using a digital camera at natural head position. The photograph was digitally manipulated with minor changes and only desired area of face was framed using Adobe Photoshop CC 2018 software to generate a control and ideal smile. Series of photographs were generated by doing modifications to evaluate five variables including Smile arc, Gingival display, Buccal corridor, Midline shift and Midline diastema. The each group was also asked to rate attractiveness each picture on 5 points Visual Analog Scale (VAS) from 1- Most attractive to 5- Least attractive. Results: The p-value was for midline diastema and midline shift was <0.01. Most of the study population was females 75 (62.5%) and the mean age of participants was 27.51 ± 5.42. Significant difference was observed at VAS in flat smile arc, nil buccal corridor, mid-line shift and midline diastema by study groups. Conclusion: Perception of midline diastema and midline shift differs significantly among dentists, students and lay persons.

Objective: To compare the mean craniofacial linear and angular measurements derived from cone beam computed tomography synthesized lateral cephalogram and those obtained from conventional cephalogram. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry (AFID), Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Feb 2017 to Nov 2018. Methodology: Sample size was 32. Following linear measurements were evaluated; anterior facial height, right side and left side of mandibular length, nasal spine length, Upper and lower incisors to A-Pog distance. These measurements were obtained by both means i.e., conventional cephalogram and cone beam computed tomography synthesized cephalogram. Each of the measurement were taken twice by the single operator with a difference of two weeks. Results: No significant difference was found among measurements obtained through lateral head film cephalograph and cone beam synthesized cephalograph except for mandibular length (for which p=0.04). Conclusions: Cone beam computed tomography synthesized lateral cephalogram can be suggested as a substitute to conventional lateral cephalogram. Especially in conditions when cone beam computed tomography is already required for treatment planning thus reducing supplementary x- ray exposure and expenditure of an additional x-ray.