This study aims to examine the effect of zinc supplementation on free-radical formation and antioxidant system in individuals who are actively engaged in wrestling as a sport. The study registered a total of 40 male subjects, of whom 20 were wrestlers and 20 were sedentary individuals. The subjects were equally allocated to four groups: group 1, zinc-supplemented sportsmen group; group 2, sportsmen group without supplementation; group 3, zinc-supplemented sedentary group; group 4, sedentary group without supplementation. Blood samples were collected from all subjects twice, once at the beginning of the study and once again at the end of 8-week procedures. The blood samples collected were analyzed to determine the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), serum glutathione (GSH), serum glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (ELISA colorimetric method) and zinc (colorimetric method). No difference was found between MDA levels of the study groups in the beginning of the study. The highest MDA value at the end of the study was obtained in group 4 (p < 0.01). MDA levels in group 2 were established to be significantly higher than those in groups 1 and 3 (p < 0.01). GSH level, GPx, and SOD activities and zinc level measured in the beginning of the study were not different between groups. Measurements performed at the end of the study showed that groups 1 and 3 (zinc-supplemented groups) had the highest GSH level, GPx, and SOD activities and zinc level (p < 0.01). These parameters were not different in the groups without supplementation (groups 2 and 4). Results obtained at the end of the study indicate that zinc supplementation prevents production of free radicals by activating the antioxidant system. In conclusion, physiologic doses of zinc supplementation to athletes may beneficially contribute to their health and performance.
The present study aims to examine the effect of zinc supplementation on the release of some cytokines in young wrestlers actively involved in wrestling. A total of 40 male subjects of the same age group were included in the study: half were wrestlers and the other half were not involved in sports. The subjects were equally divided into four groups and treated during an 8-week period as follows: group 1, zinc-supplemented athletes; group 2, non-supplemented athletes; group 3, zinc-supplemented sedentary subjects, and group 4, non-supplemented sedentary group. Blood samples were taken from each subject at the beginning and at the end of the study period. The serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and interpheron-γ levels (IFN-γ) were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. At the beginning of the study, there were no significant differences of the measured parameters between the four study groups. At the end of the study, the levels of TNF-α, IL-2, and IFN-γ were significantly higher in the two zinc-supplemented groups compared to those that did not receive supplementation, regardless of the activity status (p < 0.01).
The present study aims to examine the effect of supplementation of zinc on the distribution of various elements in the sera of diabetic rats subjected to an acute swimming exercise. A total of 80 Sprague-Dawley-type adult male rats were equally allocated to one of eight groups: Group 1, general; Group 2, zinc-supplemented; Group 3, zinc-supplemented diabetic; Group 4, swimming control; Group 5, zinc-supplemented swimming; Group 6, zinc-supplemented diabetic swimming; Group 7, diabetic swimming; and Group 8, diabetes. The rats were injected with 40 mg/kg/day subcutaneous streptozotocin (STZ) twice, with a 24-h interval between two injections. Zinc was supplemented at a dose of 6 mg/kg/day (ip) for 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected at the end of the 4-week study, and serum levels of lead, cobalt, molybdenum, chrome, sulfur, magnesium, manganese, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, copper, iron, calcium, zinc, and selenium (mg/L) were determined with atomic emission. The lowest molybdenum, chrome, copper, iron, potassium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus, lead, selenium, and zinc values were obtained in Group 7 and 8. These same parameters were higher in the swimming exercise group (Group 4), relative to all other groups. The values in zinc-supplemented groups were found lower than the values in Group 4, but higher than those in Group 6 and 7. The results obtained from the study demonstrate that acute swimming exercise and diabetes affect the distribution of various elements in the serum, while zinc supplementation can prevent the negative conditions associated with both exercise and diabetes.
ÖzToparlanma, spora özgü faaliyetler sonrasında organizmanın istirahat halindeki değerlere dönme süreci olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Günümüzde pek çok spor dalında, sporcular yoğun ve yorucu antrenman ve müsabakalara maruz kalmaktadırlar. Antrenman ve toparlanma ilişkisi doğru bir şekilde ayarlanmadığında, sporcuların performansında belirgin düzeyde düşüşler meydana gelmekte, sürantrene durumu oluşarak, sporcuların antrenmanlardan ve/veya müsabakalardan belirli bir süre uzak kalmasına yol açmakta ve hatta sporcunun sporu bırakmasıyla sonuçlanabilmektedir. Yüklenme ve uyum sürecinin değerlendirilmesinde yüklenmenin öğeleri ile dinlenmenin bir arada değerlendirilmesi önemlidir. Toparlanma yöntemleri ne kadar uygun ve doğru yapılırsa, sporcuların performansları o oranda yüksek olur, sakatlanma riski ortadan kalkar ve spordan uzak kalma süreleri kısalır. Doğru ve uygun toparlanma yönteminin uygulanması, yüklenme ile toparlanma arasındaki dengenin sağlanmasına dair bilincin yerleşmesi ve uygulamaya geçirilmesi hem sporcunun sağlığı hem de optimum performansa erişilmesi yönünden oldukça önemlidir. Tam toparlanma gerçekleşmeden yapılan yüklenmeler sakatlanmalara ve performans düşüklüklerine neden olabilmektedir. Yapılan çalışmalar incelendiğinde toparlanmada etkili olan çok sayıda yöntem bulunmaktadır. Bu yöntemler arasında en yaygın kullanılanlardan biride masajdır. Masaj, yumuşak dokulara uygulanan, organizma üzerine pek çok etkileri olan manipülatif tekniklerdir. Masajın, özellikle lokomotor sistem ve kardiyovasküler sistem başta olmak üzere organizmayı oluşturan diğer sistemler ve yapılar üzerine de birçok fizyolojik, mekanik ve psikolojik etkileri mevcuttur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, literatürde masaj ile masajın toparlanmaya olan etkilerinin değerlendirilmesiyle ilgili yapılmış çalışmaları inceleyerek bu konuyla ilgili bundan sonra yapılacak çalışmalara kaynak oluşturmaktır. AbstractThe recovery is considered as the process of returning the organism to resting values after sports-specific activities.Nowadays, in many sports branches, athletes may have to do intensive training. Significant reductions in the performance of athletes may occur when the training and recovery relationship is not properly adjusted. In the case of a sedation, athletes may be away from training and / or competitions for a certain period of time and may even leave the athlete's sport.In the evaluation of the loading and adaptation process, both the elements of the loading and the outcome of resting stand out. The more accurate the recovery can be, the better the quality results and the higher level achievements.Applying the correct and appropriate recovery method, establishing the balance between the loading and recovery, and implementing it is very important both for the health of the athlete and for reaching the optimum performance. Loads without complete recovery can lead to injuries and performance degradation.When the studies are examined, there are many methods that are effective in recovery. One of the most widely used methods is massage...
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