Tests were carried out to investigate the cyclic loading performance of chairs constructed of Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis). Totally, 30 real size chairs were constructed and assembled with polyvinyl acetate adhesive. Chairs were tested under 3 cyclic loading directions; namely, front to back, back to front, and backrest according to American Library Association (ALA) specifications, and obtained loading performances of chairs were crosschecked with allowable design load levels. Additionally, specimens were analyzed as structures by using the finite element method in order to obtain axial, shear, and bending stresses acting on each member under loadings and compare these values with design stresses. As a result, it was concluded that finite element method analyses achieve reasonable estimates for strength performances and failure behaviors of chairs. Depending on allowable design loads by American Library Association; chairs constructed of beech could meet the medium service for front to back and back to front loading, while heavy service for backrest loading. In the case of pine chairs; they could meet the medium service for front to back and back to front loading, while light service for backrest loading.
The aim of this study is to identify the faults in STEM education and to provide an approach to how these deficiencies can be eliminated. The STEM approach can provide students with an interdisciplinary point of view to gain creativity, critical thinking, high level skills of thinking and problem solving. STEM abbreviation consists of the initials of the words "Science", "Technology", "Engineering" and "Mathematics”. Conventional educational systems dictate student to learn specific topics separately and expect from them to make these knowledge and experience useful, functional in their life. In this research, qualitative research method was used. This study was performed by using document analysis method. In this study, the conventional educational system is criticized. A noval, integrated education system called as STEM (Science, Techonology, Engineering and Mathematics) is investigated with its methodology and problems in application outcoming so far. The importance of such an integrated program is highlightened and some remedies to create an effective integrated education program are emphasized.
Bu çalışmada, bir enerji dağıtım sisteminin, başlangıçtaki yatırım giderlerinin, güç kayıplarının, zaman içerisinde olacak bakımonarım giderlerinin ve sistemin maddi getirisinin dahil edildiği, çeşitli kapasitede güç gereksinimi ve şebeke uzunlukları için maliyet analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kazancın en yüksek durumda olabilmesi için yeterli sayıda ve gereklilikte özdeş transformatörün sayıca miktarı incelenmiştir. Bunun için, en yüksek kazanç ve en kısa amortisman süresi dikkate alınmıştır. Küçük kesitli kablo olarak Swallow, büyük kesitli kablo olarak Hawk türü kablolar kullanılmıştır. Kalın kesin kesitli kabloların enerji kaybını önlemek için etkili olduğu, ancak gerçekte çok büyük maliyetin transformatörün kapasitesine bağlı olarak kendisinin neden olduğu gösterilmiştir. İdeal sayıda transformatörün tespiti için tek başına en yüksek kazancı ya da en kısa amortisman süresini almak yerine bu ikisinin birbirine en yüksek oranının ele alınmasıyla çok amaçlı bir optimizasyon problemi çözülmektedir.
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