The evolution of particle shape during the course of comminution processes has been investigated. Shape is characterized using a variety of quantitative shape descriptors determined from particle profiles obtained by image analysis. Descriptors related to particle elongation, roundness and angularity are emphasized. Distributions of the descriptors have been determined for a range of particle sizes, for different extents of grinding for various equipment types. For a given descriptor, the distributions of measured values generally follow a consistent pattern (often roughly log normal). Typically, the means and standard deviations show progressive changes as grinding time increases. For the most part, prolonged exposure to the grinding environment leads to rounding of the particles.
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to analyze the effect of tibial tunnel positioning in single bundle and double bundle ACL reconstructions on lateral meniscus anterior root.MaterialsTwelve single knee cadavers were used, 6 for a single bundle ACL reconstruction, which were reamed gradually starting from 8 mm, 9 mm and ended with a 10 mm reamers, while the other 6 were prepared for a double bundle ACL reconstruction in which 7 mm reamer for the AM tunnel and 6 mm reamer for the PL tunnel were used. After drilling, changes of lengths and thicknesses of anterior horns of the lateral menisci were recorded.ResultsBefore drilling, the groups were homogenous for the lateral menisci dimensions. After drilling, no statistically significant difference was noticed between the two groups. However, in single bundle group, 2 anterior horns width injury (1.44 mm and 2.13 mm) with the 9 mm reamer and 3 anterior horns width injury (2.51 mm, 3.55 mm and 4.28 mm) with the 10 mm reamer were recorded. However in double bundle group a single anterior horn width injury (2.82 mm) was recorded.ConclusionUsing a greater size reamer in single bundle reconstruction, causes a relatively higher risk of lateral meniscal anterior root injury. Lateral meniscus stability should be examined arthroscopically after reaming with large reamers.
The activity concentrations of (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K in twelve different domestic and imported tiling rocks (granites) used as building materials in Turkey were determined by employing high-resolution γ-ray spectrometry. The samples were evaluated to assess the radiation hazard for people by comparing the results with the control values recommended by the European Commission. The measured activity concentrations ranged from 7 to 136 Bq kg(-1), 9 to 138 Bq kg(-1) and 541 to 1277 Bq kg(-1) for (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K, respectively. Applying dose criteria recommended by the European Commission([15]), two of the samples showed higher Ra(eq) values than the limit dose of 370 Bq kg(-1), equivalent to a γ-dose of 1.5 mSv y(-1). The calculated gamma-index (I(γ)) values for all the 12 samples were lower than the recommended dose criterion. In some of the samples; however, the H(ex) and H(in) values were more than unity. The absorbed dose rates (D) for all the samples, except for four samples, were located within the range values recommended by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR)([3]). Annual effective dose (AED) values, except for one sample, were greater than the world average value of UNSCEAR([3]).
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.