The development of oil palm has been documented as one of factor caused deforestation leading to the loss of biodiversity, however, to what extent the impacts of oil palm conversion on biodiversity in South Sumatra remain little-known. To answer this issue, we studied the diversity of bird in the area before and after oil palm established by calculating species number, richness, evenness, similarity, and composition. Secondary forest, shrubs and rubber plantation were identified as area before oil palm establishment through Landsat image analysis, while in the established oil palm plantation area, we classified into the young, mature and old stand of oil palm. We recorded 49 bird species, 25 families and 298 individuals. Our result showed that conversion secondary forest, shrubs and rubber plantation to oil palm plantation resulted in the variation of losing, gaining, and persisting of bird species at both habitats. Losses of bird species varied about 16%-38%, but the loss of bird species was more drastic in shrubs. Gaining of bird species also varied about 12.5% to 45% where conversion rubber plantation to oil palm impacted the highest bird species procuration. Meanwhile, bird species persistence ranged between 38%-50%. Secondary forest as the habitat condition before the establishment of oil palm had the highest bird diversity (33 species), while the palm oil plantations had the lowest bird species (11 species). The most of bird species lost were insectivorous birds. However, bird species gain was also dominated by insectivorous birds. Declines in insectivorous bird species that are important for an ecosystem process service in this study area may not significantly decline in that process service because of the other species in the similar functionally group increase in the response. Calculation of loss and gain of biodiversity as a result of land use change is necessary as a strategy for biodiversity conservation in an agricultural landscape.
The expansion of oil palm plantation has been claimed as a major driver of biodiversity loss in the tropics, including birds. To date, only a few studies have been conducted to document the variation of bird diversity in different land cover within oil palm plantation. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct the research to investigate the variation of bird diversity. The objective of this study to identify the diversity of bird in different land cover within oil palm plantation. The observation of bird diversity was done in young stand of oil palm, old stand of oil palm, smallholder oil palm and in secondary forest as high stock carbon as natural reference before converting in to oil palm. The survey was done in August 2017 in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Data of bird species were recorded by direct observation using transect method. To calculate the diversity value of birds at different land cover, we used Margalef Index (Dmg) and Comunity similarity (IS). The result showed that the number of species and species diversity was highest at high carbon stock area which the number of species was 25 species and Margalef Index was 5.99. The young stand of oil palm have the highest evenness index (0.93), while the highest similarity index was observed in old stand of oil palm and in smallholder oil palm. Our study concludes that the existence of high carbon stock areas within oil palm plantation had a positive influence in increasing bird diversity. From a conservation perspective, retaining of natural habitat such as high carbon stock within oil palm plantation is one strategy to conserve biodiversity.
This study aimed to identify the potency of the local environment that can be utilized as a learning resource. The research was conducted in National Park of Rawa Aopa Watumohai in South Konawe District, Wakatobi National Park in Wakatobi Regency, and Forest Area in Kolaka District. The method of this study was a survey method begun with the Curriculum Analysis of 2013 that is relevant to Basic Competence (BC) for natural science students in grade VII, furthermore identified the potential of the local environment as research objects. The results showed that: 1) BC has been analyzed related to the potential of the local environment that can be used as a source of science learning, namely BC.3.2. identified the living and non-living characteristics of the various objects and living things exist in the environment; BC. 3.3. understand the procedure of classification of living creatures and nonliving objects as part of scientific work, and to calcify various living things and non-living objects based on observed traits; BC. 3.8. describe the interaction between living creatures and their environment. 2) has identified there were various of learning sources from environmental potency such as Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park in the form of mangrove, swamp, savanna, and forest ecosystem and has a high diversity of flora and fauna. In Marine Park Wakatobi, it was found that marine biodiversity in the form of coral reefs, has a variety of fish species, and were various types of sea birds. In the area of Mekongga forest, there were various types of plants.
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