Sulfenyl halides have been found t o be specific, mild reagents for modification of tryptophan and cysteine residues of polypeptides and proteins in acidic media, such as acetic acid or formic acid. With hydrolysis-resistant halides, like 2-nitro-(NPS-C1) and 2,4-dinitrophenylsulfenyl chloride (DNPS-CI), the reaction can be carried out in aqueous solvents such as 30-50% acetic acid. Tryptophan is smoothly converted by reaction with sulfenyl halides into a derivative with a thioether function in the 2 position of the indole nucleus, and cysteine to an unsymmetrical disulfide. The high specificity of the reaction toward tryptophan and cysteine was established after quantitative recovery on the amino acid analyzer of the other amino acids, after 15-hr reaction with NPS-CI in acetic acid. As a further check, ribonuclease A, a protein containing neither tryptophan nor cysteine, was allowed to react with 20 equiv of NPS-CI in SOP;: acetic acid. The protein was recovered
Ultraviolet absorption and circular dichroism studies have been carried out on horse heart apo-cytochrome c and heme-free peptide fragments obtained by cyanogen bromide cleavage of the native protein. It was noted that the various peptides assume predominantly an unordered conformation in water solution. Increasing ionic strength and addition of 2-chloroethanol increase the right-handed helical content. Guanidinium hydrochloride favors the coil state. It was also demonstrated that two non-interacting helical regions of different stability are present in the apoprotein in 2-chloroethanol.One of the major problems in modern protein chemistry is the determination of the mechanisms by which polypeptide chains fold during biosynthesis or renaturation [I -31. In particular, studies in this field would help to clarify the relative contribution of thermodynamic and kinetic factors in determining protein conformation and the nature of the forces involved [4-61.Native proteins carrying components which are not amino acids, such as heme, flavin and pyridine nucleotides, that are required for the self-assembly process. appear to pose additional problems.Our approach to this problem is to investigate by physico-chemical techniques the equilibrium structures in protein fragments obtained by synthesis or chemical and enzymatic cleavages [3].In this paper we report a conformational analysis of horse heart apo-cytochrome c and heme-free peptide fragments obtained by cyanogen bromide cleavage of the native protein [7-1 I]. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE MaterialsHorse heart cytochrome c (type 111) was obtained from Sigma and used without further purification. Cyanogen bromide, 2-mercaptoethanol and silver sul-Ahhrc.riution. CD, circular dichroism. fate were Fluka products. N-Acetyl-L-tyrosinamide and N-acetyl-L-tryptophanamide were purchased from Sigma. 2-Chloroethanol and ethylene glycol (Fluka) were of the highest purity commercially available and were used without further purification. Iodoacetic acid (Merck), Tris (Fluka) and 98 -100 ; / , formic acid (Merck) were also used without further purification. Sephadex G-25 and G-50 both superfine were obtained from Pharmacia Fine Chemicals and preswollen microgranular carboxymethyl (CM) cellulose (Whatman CM-52) was purchased from Reeve Angel. MethodsAmino acid analyses were performed according to standard techniques [12] on a C. Erba amino acid analyzer, model 3A27. Acid hydrolyses were carried out in 6 N HCI in evacuated tubes sealed under vacuum in presence of phenol (0.1 "/). Free sulfhydryl groups were measured by S-carboxymethylation with iodoacetic acid followed by acid hydrolysis [ 131. The pH values were measured with a Radiometer pH meter, model 29.The refractive indexes were determined using an Abbe refractometer (Galileo, Milan).Thin-layer chromatography was performed on cellulose plates (Merck) with 1 -butanol-pyridineacetic acid -water (10 : 15 : 3 : 12, by vol.) as eluent. Peptides were detected by ninhydrin spray (0.2 in acetone) or by the hypochlorite starch-iodide chrom...
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