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Zwitterionic liquids have a wide variety of applications in enhanced oil recovery (EOR). In particular, geminal zwitterionic substances have been used as wettability modifiers of limestone, dolomites, and sandstones at high temperatures and pressures. The understanding of the interaction mechanisms of such molecules with the limestone surface is an important step toward the comprehension of the modification in wettability. In the study here presented, the interaction energies of limestone with geminal zwitterionic liquids of the type bis-N-alkyl polyether were calculated within the framework of the density functional theory (DFT). With the use of the DMOL3 library of the Material Studio Software (a DFT-based computational code), we calculated the interaction energies of the bis-N-alkyl polyether liquids, asphaltene with the limestone rocks.

Shallow one-dimensional double well potentials appear in atomic and molecular physics and other fields. Unlike the "deep" wells of macroscopic quantum coherent systems, shallow double wells need not present low-lying two-level systems. We argue that this feature, the absence of a lowlying two-level system in certain shallow double wells, may allow the finding of new test grounds for quantum mechanics in mesoscopic systems. We illustrate the above ideas with a family of shallow double wells obtained from Bargman potentials through the Darboux-Bäcklund transform.

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