We undertook a retrospective etiological study of all children referred for evaluation of pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). We identified 91 children who met the DSM III-R criteria for PDD. Fifty-two were diagnosed with autistic disorder (AD), and 39 with PDD-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). Seven families (8.2%) had more than one affected sib. The overall recurrence rate was 7.1%. Six families had a positive history of PDD in more distant relatives. An excess of developmental problems were identified on the maternal side (seven families, vs two families on the paternal side). Affected children had head circumferences above the mean when compared with standardized growth curves. A recognizable syndrome or genetic disorder was identified in 14 children (15.4%), of which 8 children (9%) were thought to be causative of PDD (5 children with Rett syndrome, 2 with fragile X syndrome, and 1 with velocardiofacial syndrome [VCFS]). Six others had a recognized genetic, cytogenetic, or metabolic disorder believed to be unrelated to the PDD diagnosis. Given the relatively high yield of genetic diagnoses in this population, we believe that children with PDD-NOS or AD should have a detailed evaluation by a clinical geneticist or pediatrician trained in dysmorphology. Chromosome anomalies, fragile X, and other recognizable disorders, including VCFS, need to be excluded. The value of general screening for an inborn error of metabolism in all children with PDD is not certain. In light of the relatively high recurrence of PDD in families, genetic counseling is recommended.
A partir de agosto de 1967 se presenrnron en Coloinbin i,nrios brotes epizoóticos de encefaliris equina venezolano. Se describen aquí los estudios ndelanrndos en tres localidodes del departnmenro del Valle del Cauta. Introducciónbición de hemaglutinación (IH) y de neutralización (N). La situación de la encefalitis equina venezolana (EEV) en Colombia hasta 1967 era Por la misma época, en Villarrica, la misma resumida por Sanmartín y Arbe-comunidad a 40 km al sur de Cali, 60 persoIáez (1). Después de preparar tal publica-nas, entre 7 y 15 aiios de edad. fucron ción se supo que en 1946 se había aislado negativas a E E V en la prueba de 1H; solo un agente vira1 del cerebro de un caballo que una persona de 21 años que se sangró en sucumbió con síntomas de encefalitis en la este sitio niostró anticuerpos del virus. E n noviembre de 1966 se supo que en Riopaila, zona rural de El Cerrito, a unos 40 km al norte de Cali (figura l ) , durante el curso de ingenio azucarero del municipio de Zarzal, una vasta epizootia que causó gran morbili-estaban moriendo equinos con síntomas endad y mortalidad de equinos en el valle del cefalíticos. A pesar de tener antecedentes río Cauca Este virus, que facilitó el Dr. dc mordeduras por perros presumiblementc Reinaldo Caicedo, fue identificado por los rabiosos y de haberse confirmado en uno de autores como el de EEV. Siguiendo esta ellos la etiología rábica, se sangraron 36 pista en febrero de 1965, en el ingenio Pro-caballos entre 1 mes y 18 años de edad que videncia -inmediaciones donde murió el resultaron negativos a EEV en la prueba de caballo referido-, se sangraron 44 trabaja-IH. Se estudió también el suero de 131 dores que nunca habían estado fuera de la personas del mismo lugar cuyas edades eran región; de ellos solamente cuatro que vivían de 5 a 50 años y solamente una, mayor de en la zona en 1946 mostraron anticuerpos 30, mostró anticuerpos del virus verkzolano. del virus venezolano en las pruebas de inhi-Los datos anteriores y las constantes averi-
-This paper examines the problems decision makers experience when selecting and prioritizing new ideas and development projects. It is based on an explorative study, with interviews carried out in three companies that have new product development as a core competitive factor.The findings indicate that to deal with all the situations and problems that may arise in the innovation process, various approaches for making decisions and understanding innovation are needed. However, regardless of the appropriateness of these approaches for given circumstances, they receive different levels of acceptance at an organizational plane. This puts decision makers in the conflictive situation of sometimes having to use approaches to work that are appropriate but not accepted, and other times accepted but inappropriate. Furthermore, an organization's potential to create new products, and consequently its future competitiveness, depends on how its members deal with the organizational acceptance of the approaches used.We discuss the implications of these findings for designing work procedures for selecting and prioritizing ideas and projects.
Evaluating and selecting new ideas are central activities in project portfolio management (PPM). PPM dominant approach assumes that both ideas and decision criteria are clearly de¯ned at their evaluation. It does not take into consideration ambiguous situations in which ideas are not fully understood, or there are opposing opinions about their potential. We explore evaluation of ideas when PPM decision makers experience ambiguity. We found that decision makers allow ideas to be developed further, which helps them to understand purposes, reveal bene¯ts and construct judgments. However, it also a®ects resource allocation because it requires resources that had already been assigned.
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