Neoliberalism and authoritarianism are intimately connected, as is demonstrated by the existence of a growing body of literature on ‘authoritarian neoliberalism’. This article provides a taxonomy of authoritarian neoliberalism and claims that it appears in three varieties – technocracy, populist nationalism, and traditional authoritarianism. Also, it proposes both an overview of the varieties and an analysis of three states as case studies. States are investigated as actors which strongly contribute to the neoliberal project amidst a more complex process of multilocalized and variegated neoliberalizations, which have to be incorporated into the comparative research. First, Italy is studied as a consolidated Western democracy which has been often governed by technocrats, independent, non-party professionals who have recurrently been in power since the 1990s, and within the frame of an increasingly technocratic European Union. Second, the paper concentrates on Hungary, a semi-peripheral Central European country which has become an epitome of a populist nationalism with increasingly authoritarian traits. Third, the paper focuses on Kazakhstan, a former Soviet Union republic with no significant experience of liberal democracy before independence, and a key example of the ‘traditional authoritarian’ variety. The three varieties, however, are sometimes combined and coexisting, and their evolution will be decisive for the future of capitalism and liberal democracy.
The development of dope-free alternatives to standard thread compounds used for the assembling of OCTG connections (tubing & casing) started in the late 90's when some initial solutions were tried, being really commercially available from late 2003. The challenges from the galling resistance needs, as well as the handling and storage requirements, were addressed and the lessons learnt from initial uses and experiences were incorporated to define products that are reliable and have proven the suitability in different environments as those from the extremely humid and cold Barents Sea conditions to the sandy and hot environment in the Middle East. The extension and diversity of the uses and experiences collected today allows not only to confirm the validity of initial drivers for the development of this alternative, mainly related to the environmental care, but to detect and confirm additional benefits from the possibility of complete elimination of thread compound from the casing and tubing installation and storage process. The dope-free solution demonstrated suitability for application in all tubing and casing dimensional ranges, and for all type of steels as common carbon steel (both API grades and proprietary), 13Cr, and Corrosion Resistance Alloys (CRA), in premium connections with metal-to metal seal, and big-OD semi-premium connections. This paper describes the different experiences related to the field use of a fully-dry dope-free solution, the improvements and adjustments incorporated after initial experiences and operators feedback, the verification activities in laboratory, and especially in experimental rigs under actual field conditions, and summarizes the advantages and the value added through the use of this type of technology. Introduction Since the early times, the use of API threaded connections and proprietary Premium connections to connect joints of tubing and casing pipes was undoubtedly linked to the need of some particular dope or thread compound to guarantee the proper thread engagement, to assure that no damage is generated on the threaded surface, and to provide a minimum sealability response at least in standard Rounded or Buttress API connections. The API Modifed dope, as established in API Bulletin 5A2(API, 1988), was the first global reference which consolidates available experience and set a "standard" thread compound with a balanced composition of base grease and fillers, becoming the standard in the industry for several years. The API Modified thread compound is characterized by the high content of heavy metal solids (as lead, copper, zinc) technically necessary to prevent or minimize galling risk and to provide soft solid fillers to help blocking the threads gaps to add sealability in standard connections. However, the presence of such fillers was becoming unacceptable from environmental standpoint, as the knowledge and global conscious on the harmful effect of such fillers in the environment was growing in the world. The API / ISO replaced the API Bulleting 5A2 by the API RP 5A3(API, 2003), which relax the requirement on compound composition -leaving API Modified thread compound as reference, and focusing on physical and chemical properties and performance evaluation. This originated or validated the development and presence of "green dopes" that replaced the API Modified but avoiding harmful elements in its composition. However, as experience demonstrates it is a challenge to reach performance properties and results comparable with those obtained with API Modified thread compound, and at the same time there is spread of brands and compositions in the market that affect the global understanding and adoption of this new generation of dopes.
This article examines the current China-Russia partnership in the energy sector, focusing on natural gas and other Eurasian Economic Union countries’ role in this relationship. It argues that the foundation of China-Russia cooperation is strategic, despite the existence of several long-term issues, which make it fragile. Russia’s “pivot to China” in the energy field relies on practical considerations, such as export diversification and problems with Western countries. However, China has fast-growing demand and many choices of gas import. Moreover, China negotiates bilaterally with its partners, which secures Beijing an upper hand in gas talks, including those with Russia. The economic significance of energy interdependence in the Eurasian region allows a monopsonist China to leverage over the region’s regimes, including Putin’s Russia.
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