This review of age data for the Pleistocene of New York identifies both strengths and weaknesses in the temporal framework relating the glacial chronology of the Great Lakes region to that of the middle Atlantic seaboard. The pre-Wisconsinan record involves saprolith and till in the Adirondack Mountains, marine clay on Long Island, multiple tills at Fernbank, Otto, and Gowanda, and major drainage derangement of the Allegheny River. Middle Wisconsinan ice spread into the Allegheny Plateau, damming high-level lakes in Cayuga Trough and southern Ontario. Long Island pollen data show late Middle Wisconsinan warming, the Plum Point Interstade. Glacially overridden organic matter at Rush Creek, Lord Hill, and St. Davids shows that this episode ended by 24 000 BP. Maximum Late Wisconsinan glaciation occurred during the Nissouri Stade, 21 750 – 18 570 BP. The concept of an Erie Interstade implies that ice recession, 15 000 – 16 000 BP, permitted lake drainage across New York. New York evidence allows this interpretation, but fails to establish the extent of ice withdrawal. Port Bruce drift incorporates Erie Interstade lake sediments. Radiocarbon data at Nichols Brook suggest that Valley Heads recession began by 14 000 BP. About 13 000 BP, the Port Huron Advance to the Hamburg Moraine dammed Lake Whittlesey. Subsequent glacial recession opened eastward drainage before readvance restored Lake Warren. By 12 000 BP, Lake Iroquois occupied the Ontario plain. Pollen data indicate that marine incursion of the St. Lawrence Valley occurred 500–1000 years later than suggested by shell dates.
A mass balance concept based on petroleum compositional description using 14 individual compound groups has been developed to reproduce the process of inreservoir petroleum biodegradation. Individual compound groups have been attributed different ''biodegradabilities'' and biodegradation rates to account for observed differences in their susceptibility to biodegradation. Petroleum compositional information is derived from basin modelling, in addition to temperature histories, filling rates and volumetric information. This new method has been subsequently applied to model the biodegradation processes in a petroleum system in the North German Basin. The case study area is situated in the Gifhorn Trough, where Jurassic reservoirs contain oils of variable API gravity (24°-33°), although present depth and temperature are similar.Numerical modelling revealed, however, that the filling histories of the individual reservoir structures differ considerably. Taking into account filling and temperature history of the reservoir structures, the newly developed biodegradation algorithm Biodexx predicted compositional data and API gravities similar to those observed in the study area, whereas earlier biodegradation approaches such as the biodegradation index (BDI) by Yu et al. (2002) did not reproduce the different biodegradation levels in the two investigated fields.
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