A B S T R A C T Pigmented Rice (PR) is one of the valuable food crops used in indigenous medicine.Thirteen PR varieties were collected from 3 climatic zones of South Sulawesi, Indonesia and analyzed for grain dimension, color and proximate composition. The PR were extracted using acidic ethanol and then measured their total phenolics, anthocyanins and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. Grain size determination showed that the length of the rice was in the range of 5.60-6.82. There was no significant different (p>0.05) in rice length and length/width ratio. The colorimetric results indicated that the darkest black glutinous rice had the lowest brightness parameter L* value which was negatively correlated with its total anthocyanin (r = -0.673) and phenolic (r = -0.559) contents. Proximate analysis results showed that all of PR varieties fulfilled the water content limit (#14%). The total contents of ash, fat, protein, crude fiber and carbohydrate were in the range of 1. 19-2.13, 1.06-3.05, 7.24-14.02, 0.66-0.99 and 71.29-77.14%, respectively. The anthocyanin and phenolic contents of black glutinous rice extracts were in the range of 94.70-202.46 mg Cy-3-glc/100 g db and 292.74-746.25 mg GAE/100 g db, respectively, which were higher than the black rice (66.08-113.83 mg Cy-3-glc/100 g db and 119.74-230.10 mg GAE /100 g db) and the red rice (0-12.85 mg Cy-3-glc/100 g db and 12.52-64.52 mg GAE/100 g db). Antioxidant activity was positively correlated with total phenolic (r = 0.886) and anthocyanin (r = 0.650) compounds. The data suggests the potency of black glutinous rice as a part of nutraceutical product formulation.
Background and purpose: Polysaccharide sulfate is a major active phytochemical constituent of Caulerpa racemosa , whereas the Eleutherine americana (Aubl) Merr has antioxidant properties. The aim of this research was to investigate the combined effect of polysaccharide sulfate that was isolated from C. racemosa and E. americana on the macrophage activity. Experimental approach: The phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of E. americana extracts in water and various ethanol concentrations were studied using the Folin-Ciocalteu and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl- hydrate (DPPH) methods, respectively. Polysaccharide sulfate was isolated from C. racemosa by precipitation method. To assess the macrophage activity, mice were treated orally for 14 days with either a combination of polysaccharide sulfate and E. americana 96% ethanol extract at a specific ratio or with each extract alone. Macrophages were isolated and the phagocytic activity was measured by assessing the ability of the macrophages to phagocytose latex particles and nitric oxide (NO) levels were assessed using a colorimetric assay. Findings / Results: The E. americana crude extract in water exhibited the highest yield (13.04%), compared with the extract in 96% ethanol, which had the highest phenolic content (6.37 ± 0.16 mg/g gallic acid equivalent) and the strongest antioxidant activity (IC50, 22.63 ± 1.09 μg/mL). The combination of extracts, when both extracts were administered at 65:65 mg/kg BW, resulted in the highest increases in phagocytosis activity (62.73 ± 5.77%) and NO levels (16.43 ± 1.37 μmol/L). Conclusion and implications: The results of this study confirmed the non-specific immunostimulant properties of the combination of polysaccharide sulfate and E. americana and justified their use in traditional medicine. The observed increase in macrophage activity appeared to be correlated with the increased ability of mice to fight infection.
ABSTRAKEkstrak etanol Bawang dayak (Eleutherine americana (Aubl) Merr.) diketahui memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang kuat sehingga berpotensi untuk dikembangkan menjadi sistem penghantaran nanopartikel. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi konsentrasi kitosan -tripolifosfat (TPP) terhadap karakteristik fisik dari nanopartikel. Ekstrak bawang dayak diformulasi dalam bentuk nanopartikel dengan metode gelasi ionik dengan variasi konsentrasi polimer kitosan : tripolifosfat yaitu 0,5% : 0,5% (F1), 0,75% : 0,5% (F2), dan 1% : 0,5% (F3). Parameter pengujian meliputi penentuan ukuran dan indeks polidispersitas nanopartikel menggunakan particle size analyzer, pengamatan morfologi menggunakan scanning electron microscopy, pengukuran efisiensi penjerapan, dan disolusi in vitro. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nanopartikel F1, F2, dan F3 memiliki ukuran masing-masing sebesar 256,30 nm, 376,28 nm dan 419,18 nm dengan distribusi ukuran yang relatif homogen dan efisiensi penjerapan masing-masing sebesar 69,54%, 77,51% dan 79,79%. Pengamatan morfologi dari nanopartikel menunjukkan bentuk partikel yang mendekati spheris (bulat) dengan permukaan yang kasar. Profil pelepasan obat dari nanopartikel F1, F2, dan F3 pada jam ke-8 masing-masing sebesar 71,19 % (F1), 74,97% (F2) dan 80,55% (F3). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak bawang dayak dapat diformulasi dalam ukuran nanopartikel dengan karakteristik fisik yang bervariasi tergantung pada konsentrasi kitosan dan tripolifosfat yang digunakan.Kata Kunci: Bawang dayak (Eleutherine americana (Aubl) Merr.), antioksidan, nanopartikel, kitosan, tripolifosfat, gelasi ionik. ABSTRACTBawang dayak (Eleutherine americana (Aubl) Merr.) ethanol extract had been known to have excellent antioxidant activity that has the potential to be developed into a nanoparticle delivery systems. This study aims to determine the effect of varying concentrations of chitosan -tripolyphosphate (TPP) to the physical characteristics of nanoparticles. Bawang dayak extract formulated in the form of nanoparticles with an ionic gelation method and and using polymers chitosan -tripolyphospate varying concentration as 0.5% : 0.5% (F1), 0.75% : 0.5% (F2), and 1% : 0.5% (F3). The measured parameters were determinating particle size and polydispersity index using particle size analyzer, observation of particle morph using scanning electron microscopy, measurement of entrapment efficiency and dissolution in vitro. The result showed that the average size of nanoparticle F1, F2, and F3 respectively is 256.30 nm, 376 nm and 419.18 nm with entrapment efficiency respectively is 69.54% (F1),
ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan penelitian Stabilitas Fisik Sediaan Krim Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Batang Banyuru (Pterospermum Celebiqum Miq.) Dengan Variasi Phytocream ® Penelitian ini mengenai pengaruh emulgator phytocream ® terhadap kestabilan fisik sediaan krim dari ekstrak etanol kulit batang banyuru (Pterospermum celebiqum Miq.). Dengan tujuan penelitian, untuk mendapatkan suatu sediaan dengan formula krim yang stabil, menggunakan emulgator phytocream ® tipe M/A dari ekstrak etanol kulit batang banyuru. Ekstrak etanol kulit batang banyuru diperoleh dari hasil maserasi dengan etanol 96%. Di rotavaporasi dan liofilisasi untuk mendapatkan ekstrak kering. Ekstrak etanol kulit batang banyuru diformulasi dalam sediaan krim dalam variasi konsentrasi emulgator phytocream ® 5, 7, dan 9 %. Evaluasi kestabilan fisik krim meliputi uji organoleptis, kriming, viskositas, pH dan pengukuran tetes terdispersi serta inversi fase sebelum dan setelah kondisi penyimpanan dipercepat selama 12 jam pada suhu 5°C dan 35°C. Pengamatan menunjukkan tidak ada perubahan secara organoleptis, warna dan bau pada tiga formula krim. Data penelitian menunjukkan secara signifikan tidak terjadi adanya kriming, inversi fase, perubahan viskositas, pH, dan ukuran fase terdispersi. Hasil penelitian pada tiga formula krim tipe M/A dengan variasi konsentrasi emulgator phytocream ® adalah stabil secara fisik. Kata Kunci : phytocream ® , krim, formula, kulit batang banyuru, uji stabilitas Fisik ABSTRACT The research done of Physical stability cream formulas of ethanol extract from Banyuru stem bark (Pterospermum celebiqum, Miq.) with Phytocream® variations. This research aims to know the effect of phytocream® emulsifier towards to the physical stability cream formulas of extract ethanol from banyuru stem bark (pterospermum celebiqum, Miq.). With the purpose of research, obtaining a stable cream formula, using phytocream® type M / A emulsifier from ethanol extract of
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