Abstracts: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the world's second most important grain legumes after common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) among food legumes grown for production worldwide. Ethiopia is considered as secondary center of genetic diversity for chickpea. Field experiment was conducted at two districts with the objectives to demonstrate different insecticide for the control of pod borer on chickpea and to give awareness on the use and effectiveness of the insecticide against pod borer on chick pea. The experiment was conducted using one chickpea variety; Habru (more preferred) and two insecticide Diazenon (1.2l/ha) and Karate (400ml/ha). The result revealed that both insecticides were effective against pod borer even if they have slight difference on percent larval reductions at both districts. The pod borer damage reduction by different treatments ranged from 71.87% to 90.63% and 58.33% to 66.66% compared to that in control at Ginir and Goro, respectively. Diazenon resulted maximum seed yield 2610kg/ha and 2200kg/ha at Ginir and Goro, respectively. The plot sprayed with Diazenon gave the maximum net return birr 75,348/ha and 61,120/ha at Ginir and Goro, respectively. It is recommended that these insecticides are suggested to the growers for the management of pod borer population below economic threshold level under field conditions.
Results and DiscussionsThe combined analysis of variance over years has shown that there was statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between treatments for parameters such as Powdery mildew disease severity, AUDPC, Disease Progress Rate (r), Number of pods per plant, Number of seeds per plant, Thousand Kernel Weight (TKW) and Grain yield (Table 1). In contrast, for the parameters such as Plant height and Total biomass the difference was not statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The highest Powdery mildew disease severity (41.98%) was recorded from a plot without fungicide treatment, while lowest disease severity of 13.89% was recorded from plot sprayed at 7 days interval (Table 1 and Figure 1). In general, both the disease severity and AUDPC has shown a linearly increasing trend as the spray interval is increasing (Table 1 and Figure 1). This finding is supported by different studies that fungicides have dramatically reduced Powdery mildew disease severity [12,13].Similarly, the highest AUDPC of 1458.33% day was calculated from a plot with no fungicide treatment; while the lowest AUDPC (471.15% day) was calculated from a plot with a fungicide treatment at every 7 days. This result has supported with a finding of [13], when they found the highest AUDPC from control plot and the lowest from fully season), the two seasons are locally termed in line with the time of crop harvest. SARC is situated at 07 o 07' N latitude and 40 o 10'E longitude with an elevation of 2400 m.a.s.l. The area receives 750 mm to 1000 mm high mean annual rain fall and have mean annual temperature of 9°C to 21°C. The area is dominantly characterized by a soil type which have a pellic vertisol character and is slightly acidic.
Treatments and designThe experiment was arranged in three replications of RCB Design. Local field pea cultivar was evaluated on plot size of 2 m × 1.2 m with between row, plot and replication spacing of 0.2 m, 1 m and 1.5 m, respectively. Powdery mildew disease development was initiated through natural infection and the disease infection gradient was created by spraying a fungicide Benomyl@2.5 kg/ha at a fixed spray interval of every 7, 14, and 21 days and a control plot receiving no fungicide spray was included for treatment comparison. A Fungicide was applied using knapsack sprayer with spray volume of 60.6 ml per 2.4 m 2 plot. Fungicide application was started immediately after the development of the first observable disease symptom. Seed rate, fertilizer rate, weeding and other all agronomic packages were done as per the recommendation for the crop. Disease scoring was conducted in a 1-9 disease scoring scale [7]. The disease data recorded based on scale mentioned above was converted to percentage severity index (PSI) according to Wheeler [8]:Sum of Numerical Ratings X1 00 Number of Plants Scored X Maximum Score on Scale PSI =
Data management and statistical analysisVariables for field experiment data under different treatments were analyzed using logistic model, ln [y/ (1-y)] [9] with the SAS Procedure [10]....
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