Invasive candidiasis (IC) has a high mortality rate of 70%, thus diagnosis should be established without delay. Given its fast result, serological test such as β-d-glucan (BDG) test is one alternative diagnosis modalities. However, it lacks specificity. Candida albicans germ tube antibody (CAGTA) test is an alternative serological test which has a high sensitivity of 76.2% and specificity of 80.3%. Manufacturing CAGTA serological test requires provision of specific germ tube antigen. In this study, various culture media were tested to find the best media for germ tube induction. This study was an experimental in vitro study. The number and length of the germ tube were recorded in two- and three-hour incubation periods. A total of six samples containing one C. albicans ATCC 90028, four C. albicans wild type strains, and one C. krusei wild type strain were used. Nine media were tested to induce germ tube formation: human and sheep serum, fetal bovine serum, mueller hinton agar and broth, tryptic soy agar and broth, brain heart infusion agar and broth. At both incubation periods, the medium with the highest number of germ tube was human serum (p=0.001 and p=0). The longest germ tube was found in sheep serum at two-hour incubation period (p=0.005). Mueller hinton broth (MHB) showed comparable results with human and sheep serum (p>0.05). Human serum is a superior inducer of morphogenesis. However, the use of MHB is recommended in this study, since provision of fresh human and sheep serum on a regular basis is impractical.
The World Health Organization has established a global program for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis by 2020; recent data has shown an impracticable result accomplishing it. Therefore, this study aims to identify the efficacy and safety between triple-drugs (DEC, ALB, IVM) and double-drugs (DEC & ALB/IVM & ALB) for lymphatic filariasis treatment. A systematic review was conducted with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement guidelines. The literature search was done using five databases: PubMed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, EBSCO, and CENTRAL until December 3, 2020 without any publication date range imposed. Data collection was done by three independent reviewers and entered into a predesigned data extraction form. Cochrane risk of bias tool 2.0 was utilized in the quality assessment of the studies. Search strategies identified 209 studies. Three relevant full-text articles met our inclusion criteria. Overall studies had low risk of bias. The main findings are as follows: (a) Administration of single dose of triple-drug regimen resulted in a total elimination of microfilaria 12 months after treatment whilst 91% participants given with double-drug remained microfilaremic (p=0.002); (b) In larger samples (n=182), triple drug cleared microfilaria in 96% of the participants and only 32% of the participants receiving double-drug regimen after 12 months observation; (c) Statistically, the triple-drug safety has a lower degree than the double-drug regimen (p=0.02). The triple-drug treatment has a better efficacy compared to the double-drug regimen in treating lymphatic filariasis. Furthermore, both regimens are proven safe with no serious adverse events elicited.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.