People are considerably more defensive in the face of group criticism when the criticism comes from an out-group rather than an in-group member (the intergroup sensitivity effect). We tested three strategies that out-group critics can use to reduce this heightened defensiveness. In all studies, Australians received criticism of their country either from another Australian or from a foreigner. In Experiment 1, critics who attached praise to the criticism were liked more and agreed with more than were those who did not. In Experiment 2, out-group critics were liked more and aroused less negativity when they acknowledged that the problems they identified in the target group were shared also by their own in-group. In both experiments, the ameliorative effects of praise and acknowledgment were fully mediated by attributions of constructiveness. Experiment 3 tested the strategy of spotlighting; that is, of putting on the record that you intend your comments to apply to just a portion of the group rather than to the whole group. This strategy-which did not directly address the attributional issues that are presumed to underpin the intergroup sensitivity effect-proved ineffective. Practical and theoretical implications for intergroup communication are discussed.
BackgroundGiven evidence shows physical activity, a healthful diet and weight management can improve cancer outcomes and reduce chronic disease risk, the major cancer organisations and health authorities have endorsed related guidelines for cancer survivors. Despite these, and a growing evidence base on effective lifestyle interventions, there is limited uptake into survivorship care.Methods/DesignHealthy Living after Cancer (HLaC) is a national dissemination and implementation study that will evaluate the integration of an evidence-based lifestyle intervention for cancer survivors into an existing telephone cancer information and support service delivered by Australian state-based Cancer Councils. Eligible participants (adults having completed cancer treatment with curative intent) will receive 12 health coaching calls over 6 months from Cancer Council nurses/allied health professionals targeting national guidelines for physical activity, healthy eating and weight control. Using the RE-AIM evaluation framework, primary outcomes are service-level indicators of program reach, adoption, implementation/costs and maintenance, with secondary (effectiveness) outcomes of patient-reported anthropometric, behavioural and psychosocial variables collected at pre- and post-program completion. The total participant accrual target across four participating Cancer Councils is 900 over 3 years.DiscussionThe national scope of the project and broad inclusion of cancer survivors, alongside evaluation of service-level indicators, associated costs and patient-reported outcomes, will provide the necessary practice-based evidence needed to inform future allocation of resources to support healthy living among cancer survivors.Trial registrationAustralian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) - ACTRN12615000882527 (registered on 24/08/2015)
Background Healthy Living after Cancer (HLaC) was a national dissemination and implementation study of an evidence-based lifestyle intervention for cancer survivors. The program was imbedded into existing telephone cancer information and support services delivered by Australian state-based Cancer Councils (CC). We report here the reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance of the program. Methods In this phase IV study (single-group, pre-post design) participants - survivors of any type of cancer, following treatment with curative intent - received up to 12 nurse/allied health professional-led telephone health coaching calls over 6 months. Intervention delivery was grounded in motivational interviewing, with emphasis on evidence-based behaviour change strategies. Using the RE-AIM evaluation framework, primary outcomes were reach, indicators of program adoption, implementation, costs and maintenance. Secondary (effectiveness) outcomes were participant-reported anthropometric, behavioural and psychosocial variables including: weight; physical activity; dietary intake; quality-of-life; treatment side-effects; distress; and fear of cancer recurrence and participant satisfaction. Changes were evaluated using linear mixed models, including terms for timepoint (0/6 months), strata (Cancer Council), and timepoint x strata. Results Four of 5 CCs approached participated in the study. In total, 1183 cancer survivors were referred (mostly via calls to the Cancer Council telephone information service). Of these, 90.4% were eligible and 88.7% (n = 791) of those eligible consented to participate. Retention rate was 63.4%. Participants were mostly female (88%), aged 57 years and were overweight (BMI = 28.8 ± 6.5 kg/m2). Improvements in all participant-reported outcomes (standardised effect sizes of 0.1 to 0.6) were observed (p < 0.001). The program delivery costs were on average AU$427 (US$296) per referred cancer survivor. Conclusions This telephone-delivered lifestyle intervention, which was feasibly implemented by Cancer Councils, led to meaningful and statistically significant improvements in cancer survivors’ health and quality-of-life at a relatively low cost. Trial registration Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) - ACTRN12615000882527 (registered on 24/08/2015).
Background and Context: The Virtual Health Library (VHL) is a space for integration of information sources collectively produced and organized into geographic, thematic, biographical or institutional instances.Aim: The creation of the VHL Prevention and Cancer Control aims at developing an open and collaborative space for the management of scientific and technical information regarding this subject. Information sources offer subsidies to managers and health professionals in decision making, training and public policy formulation.Strategy/Tactics: Aiming at promoting knowledge management in the area of cancer control in Brazil, the Ministry of Health created within its institutional VHL, a thematic area dedicated to it. However, the project met greater proportions and it became essential to develop a thematic VHL instance on prevention and cancer control which could function as a national information reference.Programme/Policy Process: Once a VHL develops its activities through a cooperative network of institutions which are users and producers of information, it was essential to structure such a network within the field of cancer control and develop a governance model that could allow its sustainable operation. The model is composed of Executive Secretary, Advisory Committee, Executive Committee and Responsibility Matrix. The institutions which are part of this collaborative network have been selected in order to represent the regional diversity present in Brazil and also the diverse profiles of institutions related to cancer control, such as research, academia, government, scientific societies and organizations representing patients. Outcomes/What was learned:The development of VHL Prevention and Control of Cancer has been a success and the institutions that are part of the collaborative network are enriching the library databases with its scientific production. The experience of VHL Prevention and Cancer Control shows that having governance structures clearly defined from the beginning facilitates the collaborative work. Background and Context:Australia was the first country in the world to introduce a fully funded, population based HPV vaccination program. The HPV vaccine has the potential to decrease 70-80% of cervical cancers in Australia, in addition to other HPV-related cancers and diseases. To achieve maximum population health benefit, high vaccine coverage of HPV-naïve teenagers is required.Aim: Cancer Council Victoria (CCV) has undertaken a Victorian government funded project to address low human papillomavirus (HPV) immunisation coverage rates in the school-based immunisation program. Statewide, uptake of the vaccine has been good with 72% of Victorian schoolgirls aged 12-13 years having the three dose vaccine. However, coverage rates across local government areas (LGA) vary considerably (43-100%). Strategy/Tactics:Partnering with school-based immunisation providers is essential to addressing low HPV immunisation rates and was a key strategy for this project.Programme/Policy Process: Over a three-year ...
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