Background-Ileal involvement in Crohn's disease (CD) is associated with NOD2 mutations and Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor auto-antibodies (GM-CSF Ab), and GM-CSF blockade promotes ileitis in Nod2/Card15 deficient (C15KO) mice. RALDH2 expressing dendritic cells (DC) and IL-4 promote CCR9 imprinting and small bowel homing of T lymphocytes, in conjunction with CCL25 expression by ileal epithelial cells (IEC). We hypothesized that GM-CSF neutralization promotes ileal disease by modulating expression of CCL25 by IEC and CCR9 by T lymphocytes via Nod2 dependent and independent pathways.
The role supporting electrolyte plays on the transport of the redox probe tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) chloride through the ion exchange polymer Nafion® was examined using cyclic voltammetry, rotating disk voltammetry, and spectroscopic techniques. Variations in both the extraction coefficient (κ) and the diffusion coefficient (D) were observed as the supporting electrolyte was varied. The anion of the supporting electrolyte was not found to influence mass transport, but the cation significantly influenced both extraction and diffusion of the redox probe within the polymer. A series of monovalent (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+) and divalent (Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Zn2+) cations were studied, as well as the trivalent cation La3+.
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