Recent work has underscored the importance of membrane trafficking events during cytokinesis. For example, targeted membrane secretion occurs at the cleavage furrow in animal cells, and proteins that regulate endocytosis also influence the process of cytokinesis. Nonetheless, the prevailing dogma is that endosomal membrane trafficking ceases during mitosis and resumes after cell division is complete. In this study, we have characterized endocytic membrane trafficking events that occur during mammalian cell cytokinesis. We have found that, although endocytosis ceases during the early stages of mitosis, it resumes during late mitosis in a temporally and spatially regulated pattern as cells progress from anaphase to cytokinesis. Using fixed and live cell imaging, we have found that, during cleavage furrow ingression, vesicles are internalized from the polar region and subsequently trafficked to the midbody area during later stages of cytokinesis. In addition, we have demonstrated that cytokinesis is inhibited when clathrin-mediated endocytosis is blocked using a series of dominant negative mutants. In contrast to previous thought, we conclude that endocytosis resumes during the later stages of mitosis, before cytokinesis is completed. Furthermore, based on our findings, we propose that the proper regulation of endosomal membrane traffic is necessary for the successful completion of cytokinesis.

The sacred texts of five world religions (Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism) use similar belief systems to set limits on sexual behavior. We propose that this similarity is a shared cultural solution to a biological problem: namely male uncertainty over the paternity of offspring. Furthermore, we propose the hypothesis that religious practices that more strongly regulate female sexuality should be more successful at promoting paternity certainty. Using genetic data on 1,706 father-son pairs, we tested this hypothesis in a traditional African population in which multiple religions (Islam, Christianity, and indigenous) coexist in the same families and villages. We show that the indigenous religion enables males to achieve a significantly (P = 0.019) lower probability of cuckoldry (1.3% versus 2.9%) by enforcing the honest signaling of menstruation, but that all three religions share tenets aimed at the avoidance of extrapair copulation. Our findings provide evidence for high paternity certainty in a traditional African population, and they shed light on the reproductive agendas that underlie religious patriarchy.evolution | extrapair paternity | mating | nonpaternity | Y DNA T he major world religions sprang from patriarchal societies in which the resources critical to reproduction, whether in the form of land or livestock, were inherited from father to son down the male line (1-3). Consistent with patrilineal inheritance, the sacred texts set forth harsh penalties for adultery and other behaviors that lower the husband's probability of paternity (4-8) (SI Discussion). The scriptures also place greater emphasis on female than on male chastity, including the requirement of modest attire for women and the idealization of virginity for unmarried females (6,8). Previous studies have considered the evolutionary biology of patriarchy, but have focused on primate antecedents or cultural factors rather than religion (2, 9-11). Here we test the hypothesis that religions that more strongly regulate female sexuality are more successful at limiting the incidence of cuckoldry, defined as offspring sired by extrapair copulations (EPCs).Genetic data on paternity have altered previous assumptions about the mating systems of many species (12-14), but comparable data for humans that link behavior and paternity have been lacking. Our data set on paternity, in contrast, includes religion, year of birth, and Y-chromosome short tandem repeats (STRs) for 1,706 father-son pairs in 29 patrilineages, as well as genealogical pedigrees with a depth of up to 11 generations (15,000 individuals). We have autosomal STRs for a random sample, and data on wealth and polygyny for recent generations. Analyses of the genetic samples exploit the accompanying fine-scale data from a longitudinal study of behavioral ecology (15,16).The study population is the Dogon of Mali, West Africa, who practice four religions: Evangelical Protestantism introduced by conservative American missionaries; Catholicism introduced by French Jesuits who fo...

A 1-cm resection margins did not increase the risk of LR. Margin width did not make a significant difference in DSS or OS. Larger resection margins increase the need for a graft or flap closure.

The survival benefit associated with surgical resection compared with chemotherapy was very small for certain subgroups of patients (those aged ≥80 years and those with lymph node metastases). The results of the current study indicate that although surgery is associated with a survival benefit in the elderly, chemotherapy should be considered as a legitimate therapeutic alternative. Cancer 2016. © 2016 American Cancer Society. Cancer 2016;122:3378-3385. © 2016 American Cancer Society.

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