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Clinical screening for pallor is one of the most common methods of screening for anaemia. Health workers examine the face, inner lower eyelids or conjunctiva, palms, nail beds, and other body parts for paleness or pallor that may be a sign of anaemia. MotherCare found 17 studies that evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of using pallor to identify individuals with anaemia. The focus was to review the sensitivity of pallor screening to detect individuals with severe anaemia and to make recommendations to improve the sensitivity of screening for pallor. The studies confirmed that sensitivities increased as the haemoglobin level decreased.

Quality of U.S. grain exports has been a contentious issue over the past decade. Nowhere is the issue more hotly debated than for wheat. At the core of the debate has been the ability of Canada to command a premium for its wheat in foreign markets. Buyers 'perceptions of quality have been suggested as an explanation, but empirical evidence on the quality attributes responsible for this country-of-origin premium has been limited to hedonic pricing studies. This paper quantifies purchasers ' perceptions of the relative importance of quality characteristics for the world's major importing countries. This is done by calculating three indices. The attainment index measures how well buyers' perceptions of the importance of the characteristic matches buyers 'perceptions of how well it is being supplied. The supply index measures buyers' perceptions on how well a characteristic is being supplied. The demand index measures how important the buyers perceive a particular characteristic to be. Then buyers 'perceptions of the performance of U.S. and Canadian wheats are evaluated, given the perceived importance of each characteristic, and related to previous empirical results. Finally, these results are compared for alternative groupings of importing countries. La qualite des exportations des cereales americaines est un sujet de controverse depuis une dizaine d 'annees, surtout relativement au ble'. Au coeur du debat se situe 1 'aptitude du ble' canadien a commander un prix superieur sur les marches &rangers. On a propose' comme explication les notions subjectives de qualite' des acheteurs mais les preuves empiriques des caracteres qualitatifs justifiant cette prime de pays d 'origine se sont limit&s aux aspects hedoniques. Dans la presente etude, nous quantifions les perceptions que se font les acheteurs de 1 'importance relative des caracttres qualitatifs selon les principaux pays importateurs. Trois index sont calcules: 1 'indice de satisfaction determine dans quelle mesure les perceptions qu 'ont les acheteurs de 1 'importance d 'un caractere correspondent a celles qu 'ils retrouvent dans le produit livre. L 'indice de prestation indique dans quelle mesure un caractere qualitatif don& du produit livre' r&pond aux attentes de 1 'acheteur. Enfin 1 'indice d 'exigence indique 1 'importance que 1 'acheteur accorde h un caractere qualitatif donne. Nous avons ensuite &value' les perceptions des acheteurs a 1 'egard des bles americains et canadiens, selon 1 'importance suggestive accord&e h chaque caracteristique et nous les comparons a des resultats experimentaux anteiieurs.

This paper reviews the results of clinical trials and community studies of lactational amenorrhoea and its role as a contraceptive method (LAM). Indicators which are used in efficacy trials and effectiveness interventions are compared and sets of indicators of effectiveness appropriate to community-based LAM programmes are recommended. A five-tiered ecological framework is used to facilitate selection of indicators which range from individual to policy level outcomes. The indicator framework is intended as a tool for health practitioners in family planning and maternal and child health service delivery settings who are interested in designing programmatic interventions for the promotion of LAM, particularly among less well-educated women of lower socioeconomic communities.

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