This research examined the benefits of interpreting physiological arousal as a challenge response on practice and actual Graduate Record Examination (GRE) scores. Participants who were preparing to take the GRE reported to the laboratory for a practice GRE study. Participants assigned to a reappraisal condition were told arousal improves performance, whereas control participants were not given this information. We collected saliva samples at baseline and after the appraisal manipulation, which were then assayed for salivary alpha amylase (sAA), a measure of sympathetic nervous system activation. Reappraisal participants exhibited a significant increase in sAA and outperformed controls on the GRE-math section. One to three months later, participants returned to the lab and provided their score reports from their actual GRE. Again, reappraisal participants scored higher than controls on the GRE-math section. These findings illuminate the powerful influence appraisal has on physiology and performance both in and out of the laboratory."Not everything that counts can be counted and not everything that can be counted counts." -Albert EinsteinAlthough high-stakes standardized tests, such as the SAT and Graduate Record Examination (GRE), influence whether students will be accepted to or rejected from desired academic programs, the above quote illustrates the necessity of considering factors other than aptitude and ability when evaluating standardized test performance. For instance, test-takers may feel an increase in arousal, or "nervous energy," which may be interpreted as anxiety or threat, and be associated with poor performance (Cassaday & Johnson, 2002).However, arousal is a fuzzy term semantically and psychologically (Blascovich, 1992). Arousal increases co-occur with a variety of emotional, cognitive, and motivational states and do not necessarily indicate a negative state such as anxiety or threat. Arousal increases can also indicate that the body is mobilizing resources to meet the task demands and could signal an approach orientation or challenge response. Because of its association with both benign and deleterious psychological and physiological states, arousal has been at the center of several classic theories in social psychology as the proposed mediator of behavioral outcomes. From Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. More specifically with regards to reappraisal, Gross argues that appraisal processes occur early in the emotion-generative process, and the downstream outcome (the experienced emotion) is most easily altered by changing appraisals of...

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Chronic respiratory diseases refer to a group of lung diseases that affect the airways and cause difficulty in breathing. Respiratory diseases are one of the leading causes of death and negatively impact the patients' quality of life. Early detection and regular monitoring of lung functions might reduce the risk of death; however, lung function assessment requires the active supervision of a medical professional in a clinical setting. To make lung function tests more accessible and ubiquitous, researchers started leveraging mobile devices, which still require active supervision and demand extraneous effort from the user. In this work, we propose a convenient mobile-based approach that uses a monosyllabic voice segment called 'A-vowel' sound or 'Aaaa...' sound to estimate lung function. We conducted two studies (a lab study and an in-clinic study) with 201 participants to develop a detection model detecting 'Avowel' sound from other acoustic events and a prediction model to estimate the lung function using the detected A-vowel sound. Our study shows that A-vowel sounds can be detected with 93% accuracy, and A-vowel sounds can estimate lung functions with 7.4-11.35% mean absolute error. We also conducted a validation study * Pursued this work while interning with Samsung Research America.