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The current knowledge and documentation on the origins and relationship between Gyimesi Racka reared in Hungary and the Romanian Turcana is rather controversial. Lack of information and scientific reliable proofs for the divergent theories found in the two countries motivated us to implement a trial using molecular methods to assess the genetic distance and diversity in the two breeds. Hair follicles were collected from Gyimesi Racka (2 phenotypes) and from Turcana (6 ecotypes). The 599 bp segment of the D-loop region of the mitochondrial DNA was sequenced. Altogether, 42 haplotypes were identified, while 23 were found in both populations. Populations were highly diverse according to the haplotype and nucleotide diversity indices. AMOVA analysis showed that most of the variation was observed within populations (98%), indicating a weak genetic structure between the two breeds. Animals were grouped into seven groups based on their phenotype; however genetic distances among them were also low. Tajima's D, Fu's Fs, goodness-of-fit statistics, mismatch distribution and network analysis suggested recent demographic expansion. Current comprehensive mtDNA study indicates that there is very low level of genetic differentiation between the Gyimesi Racka and Turcana populations therefore they are de facto one trans-boundary breed.

Between 2006 and 2008, 972 Apoidea specimens have been collected that belonged to 93 species. Within the wild bee community the ratio of the Halictus and Lasioglossum species (19,45%), and the Megachile species (23,36%) are significant and also the density of the bumble bees (Bombus species) with 19,65%. During the collection in the years of 1977-78-79, 102 taxa were found in the Kis-Bugac barren. In the samples of six years, 141 species and one variation were shown. Having compared to the samples of 1977-78- 79, the results of the collection conducted 29 years later proved 53 species to be coommon. Faunal similarity of the two periods according to the Jaccard-index is 0,373. The most important community components found were the holomediterranean (24 species) and palearctic (21 species) in the years of 2006-2008. In the years of 1977-1979 the palearctic (33 species) and european (17 species) taxa were the most important fauna elements. According to the climate-tolerance assessment - during both collecting periods - the ratio of the Thermophile species was the most significant. According to the frequency index in the second collecting period, the ratio of the rare and very rare species have increased. In both collecting periods, the most important community component was the medium flying period Apoidea species.

In Hungary, the Apismelliferacarnica is the native breed which is the only recognised and breedable honey bee in the country. It is assumed that there are a number of non-native and hybrid honey bee breeds in Hungary. The microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA surveys applied here will be utilised to easily and accurately identify the various sprads, and open up new ways in the research of honey bees. The isolation of the genomial DNS from 5 to 7 day old larvae samples was successfully carried out. In the future the plan is to carry out the measure with microsatellite markers. As an initial step the optimal annealing temperature was identified. In the mitochondrial DNA survey the COI-COII mytochonrial regional primer due to its low anneling temperature cannot be used with any normal sequencing methods. By using these method the aim of this research is the measurement of genetic variance.

The honey bees are essential for the pollination of agricultural plants. The Pannonian honey bee, Apis mellifera pannonica, is native to Hungary, only these subspecies are being bread in our country. The parameters have been separated the pannon and italian honey bee subspecies, the colour of tergit, the cubital index and proboscis length. The morphometric analisys is of special importance because this, on the one hand, shows correlation with honey bee production and on the other hand, the pure morphometric charactersitics is the basis of any potential honey bee export. Mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites are the common methods to define genetic diversity and the separation of subspecies.