The efficiency of nanoparticles covered with type A gel and loaded with KH2PO4, as a source of P, was evaluated on growth, phosphorus concentration and accumulation, and photosynthesis-related parameters in rice plants (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica) cv. Morelos A-2010, under greenhouse conditions. Plants were treated for 14 days with P concentrations equivalent to 50 and 100% of those established in the Yoshida nutrient solution. Sources of P were KH2PO4, nano-KH2PO4, and nano-KH2PO4 with trypsin; control treatments were distilled water and nanoparticles with type A gel. The solutions were renewed every 7 d. Rice plants exhibited differential P absorption in function of the P source tested. P supplied by KH2PO4 had a higher uptake rate than P supplied by nano-KH2PO4, alone or with trypsin. Nevertheless, nano-KH2PO4 promoted higher physiological efficiency for P in both roots and shoots, which consequently induced higher biomass accumulation in these organs. P concentration in shoots, as well as P accumulation in shoots and roots, were positively correlated with the photosynthetic rate. Also, nano-KH2PO4 increased instant water use efficiency in rice plants.
The authors synthesised nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with P and K from KH 2 PO 4 using gelatin type-A and type-B, and sodium alginate as carriers. Using type-A and type-B gelatin, quasi-spherical particles were obtained, with average sizes of 682 and 856 nm, respectively; with sodium alginate, the resulting NPs exhibited spherical shapes and 600 nm particle average size. The authors found an interaction between KH 2 PO 4 and alginate via the hydrogen bonds existent among the carboxylic groups of the carbohydrate and the OH-groups of the H 2 PO 4-; interactions among gelatin types with the OH-groups and the H 2 PO 4-ion were also observed. Adding trypsin to the distilled water solutions of the NPs coated with type-A gelatin increased the concentration of P in the solution by threefold, while increasing that of K increased by 2.6-fold. Conversely, adding α-amylase to the water solutions with sodium alginate increased the P and K concentrations in the solution by nearly 1.3-and 1.1-fold, respectively. Thus, sodium alginate resulted in NPs with smaller sizes and better spherical formations, though with a high polydispersity index and lower release rate of P and K. This low release rate represents an advantage since plants demand nutrients for long periods, and conventional fertilisers display low use efficiency.
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