The JET 2019-2020 scientific and technological programme exploited the results of years of concerted scientific and engineering work, including the ITER-like wall (ILW: Be wall and W divertor) installed in 2010, improved diagnostic capabilities now fully available, a major Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) upgrade providing record power in 2019-2020, and tested the technical & procedural preparation for safe operation with tritium. Research along three complementary axes yielded a wealth of new results. Firstly, the JET plasma programme delivered scenarios suitable for high fusion power and alpha particle physics in the coming D-T campaign (DTE2), with record sustained neutron rates, as well as plasmas for clarifying the impact of isotope mass on plasma core, edge and plasma-wall interactions, and for ITER pre-fusion power operation. The efficacy of the newly installed Shattered Pellet Injector for mitigating disruption forces and runaway electrons was demonstrated. Secondly, research on the consequences of long-term exposure to JET-ILW plasma was completed, with emphasis on wall damage and fuel retention, and with analyses of wall materials and dust particles that will help validate assumptions and codes for design & operation of ITER and DEMO. Thirdly, the nuclear technology programme aiming to deliver maximum technological return from operations in D, T and D-T benefited from the highest D-D neutron yield in years, securing results for validating radiation transport and activation codes, and nuclear data for ITER.

Alpha particles with energies on the order of megaelectronvolts will be the main source of plasma heating in future magnetic confinement fusion reactors. Instead of heating fuel ions, most of the energy of alpha particles is transferred to electrons in the plasma. Furthermore, alpha particles can also excite Alfvénic instabilities, which were previously considered to be detrimental to the performance of the fusion device. Here we report improved thermal ion confinement in the presence of megaelectronvolts ions and strong fast ion-driven Alfvénic instabilities in recent experiments on the Joint European Torus. Detailed transport analysis of these experiments reveals turbulence suppression through a complex multi-scale mechanism that generates large-scale zonal flows. This holds promise for more economical operation of fusion reactors with dominant alpha particle heating and ultimately cheaper fusion electricity.

Importance of sustainable coastal governance also in the baltic sea region has been widely recognised and since such governance has to have integrative nature that requires horizontal cross-sectorial integration as well as involvement of all governance levels and subsequently organisation of vertical integration among the levels. besides some succesfull local cases around Europe, mainly special outside projects based, there is to be recognized that the municipal integrated sustainable coastal governance has not been yet neither well and widely locally developed in practice nor sufficiently researched field in order to permit necessary design of adequate policy innovations. Practical development and local realisation of the municipal integrated coastal governance often encounters obstacles of the basic nature, e.g. because there are not sufficiently understood and applied cross-and trans-disciplinary approaches -studies and governance of the coastal territories as the complex social-ecological systems (sEs). For understanding the process and structure of coastal governance, application of system thinking and system dynamics methods are to be emphasized as well. the paper demonstrates adaptation of coastal nature studies based system Analysis Framework (sAF) methodology for its application to coastal governance studies and general municipal governance system adjusting and upgrading towards coastal issues, what could be seen as the new step for sAF further planned developments. As the part of the EU bONUs programme baltcoast project, the authors performed, including main stakeholders participation elements, the issue identification step, system definition and also a conceptual model building steps of the sAF methodology application in the particular, local governance innovations rich, case study territory -salacgriva municipality in Latvia. coastal governance problems in Latvia are especially relevant for rural coastal municipalities with limited administrative capacities and long and low populated coastline territories. the next sAF application steps will include development of coastal governance system scenarios using a systems modelling tool and the design and testing of complementary set of governance instruments as science-policy interface, that shall support sustainable use of coastal resources in the interests of coastal nature and culture protection, and local socio-economic development.

The ITER-Like-Wall project has been carried out at the Joint European Torus (JET) to test plasma facing materials relevant to ITER. Materials being tested include both bulk metals (Be and W) and coatings. Tritium accumulation mechanisms and release properties depend both on the wall components, their location in the vacuum vessel, conditions of exposure to plasma and to the material itself. In this study, bulk beryllium limiter tiles, plasma-facing beryllium coated Inconel components from the main chamber, bulk tungsten and tungsten coated carbon fibre composite divertor tiles were analysed. A range of methods have been developed and applied in order to obtain a comprehensive overview on tritium retention and behaviour in different materials of plasma facing components (PFCs). Tritium content and chemical state were studied by the means of chemical or electrochemical dissolution methods and thermal desorption spectroscopy. Tritium distribution in the vacuum vessel and factors affecting its accumulation have been assessed and discussed.

Coastal systems are complex resources systems based on interconnected elements of nature, economic, social, cultural, and, importantly, governance resources. Governance of the coastal territories as socioecological systems shall be integrated, holistic, multi-faceted and multi-level process oriented. Studies in Latvia identify insufficient knowledge/skills and even understanding/interest of decision-makers and administrations to deal with integrated coastal management (ICM) at all levels, and, particularly, with integration of the coastal problematic into mandatory development planning processes. Governance capacity is especially critical in rural coastal municipalities often with also long coastlines, making above 80% altogether of the total national coast length; a subsequent need to find appropriate rural coastal governance models is evident. Within EU BONUS BaltCoast project, including most of Baltic Sea region countries, the System Approach Framework is tested in the national pilot territories, and, in Latvia, the Salacgriva municipality pilot as for rural coastal governance development case. Research activities demonstrate transition from individual isolated studies to integrated comprehensive multidisciplinary coastal research. Within this study the effective coastal governance scenarios approaches, tools, and development opportunities were analysed studying main generic governance development approaches. Analysis shows that none of top-down and bottom-up governance improvement scenarios alone can ensure effective rural coastal governance, and, obviously, collaborative governance scenarios (CGSs) shall be designed and implemented to really improve ICM, but the selection of adequate instruments for this could be seen as the issue. Research-and-development work addresses the following locally based coastal governance instruments which have to be complementary included in the CGS, namely -coastal science and governance report; municipal coastal collaborative monitoring programme, involving mandatory citizen science component; development of coastal indicators systems; and thematic coastal spatial plan, as all being local innovations for Latvia. These tools shall contain clearly identifiable science-based quantified numerical information, shall be integrative in their nature and succession and complementarity with other instruments.