Potential toxic effects in mice of an infusion prepared from the stem bark of Exostema caribaeum was assessed by means of the Lorke procedure. The preparation was not found to be toxic, with the LD50 value estimated to be more than 5 g/kg. This preparation at 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg also caused a significant hypoglycemic effect and a reduction in the postprandial glycemia peak in both normal and nicotinamide/streptozotocin (NA/STZ)-diabetic mice in an oral sucrose tolerance test. Phytochemical analysis of the infusion revealed that the major active principles are 4-phenylcoumarins (2-8) and chlorogenic acid (1). During this process, a new 4-phenylcoumarin was isolated along with several known analogues. The structure of the new compound was established as 5-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-7,3',4'-trihydroxy-4-phenylcoumarin (2) by spectroscopic means. A simple, efficient, fast, and reliable UHPLC-PDA analytical method for quantifying 4-phenylcoumarins and chlorogenic acid (1) was developed and validated. Parameters assessed for the method validation were selectivity, linearity, the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), precision, and accuracy. It was found that all calibration curves showed good linearity (R(2) > 0.9931), within the range of concentrations tested.
Infusions and poultices prepared from the aerial parts of Baccharis heterophylla Kunth (Asteraceae) are widely used in Oaxaca (Mexico) for relieving painful and inflammatory complaints. Therefore, the antinociceptive potential of an aqueous extract (31.6–316 mg/kg, p.o.) and essential oil (30–177 µg/paw, i.pl.) of the plant was assessed using the formalin test. Both preparations inhibited the formalin-induced nociception response (100–316 mg/kg and 100–177 µg/paw, respectively) during the test’s second phase. Chemical analysis of the aqueous extract revealed that the major active components were chlorogenic acid (1), 3,4-di-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid (2), 3,5-di-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid (3), 4,5-di-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid (4), 3,5-di-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester (5), apigenin (6), genkwanin (7), acacetin (8). Compounds 1–5 and 8 are new for B. heterophylla. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for quantifying chlorogenic acid (1) and di-caffeoylquinic acids 2–4 in the plant was developed and validated. Analyses of the essential oil and the headspace solid-phase microextraction products, via gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry, revealed that the major volatiles were β-pinene, myrcene, D-limonene, β-caryophyllene, and α-caryophyllene, which have demonstrated antinociceptive properties.
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