The process of identifying the attributes and relationships considered in an ontology is a complex task because there are many factors involved in the deterioration of environmental quality, the diversity of sources and data dispersion. This work presents an ontology that integrates the data required by an Environmental Quality Synoptic System (EQSS), which to date scatters in different Internet sites and concentrates by different agencies for example INEGI, CONABIO, SEMARNAT, CNA, among others. The methodology process consists of the collection of environmental information in Mexico through the application of computational techniques resulting ontology with environmental knowledge that will be processed by the system EQSS. Among the main advantages is than the selection and structure of information allow the automated generation of results in an environmental statement. The ontology proposal is based on knowledge of EQSS system that is based on the architecture of expert systems and through this important information for decisionmaking in regard to environmental quality and interaction with Geographic Information System (GIS) is obtained.
The synergy that exists between geography, computer science and advances in information technologies has allowed the consolidation of geographic science from an integral perspective and allowing the correlation of basic elements for the analysis of the territory in an applied science called Geomatics. The research result in this field are linked to the collection and analysis of observation data, which are collected through satellites, ground stations, ocean buoys, the global positioning system (GPS), aerial sensors (photogrammetry), Weather balloons and traditional techniques for measuring and describing land. To process this data, Geographic Information System (GIS) has been developed, involving aspects of hardware and software with applications that are as diverse and varied as the users themselves. Also, presents an analysis of the main SIG's, its main features and applications , because despite having a scientific structure and IT support that allows one effective land management in rural or urban type, yet there is a wide area of opportunity solving and Previ or endo the emergence of conflicts interactions between human activities and geographical characteristics.
Tridimensional polymers are mutually incompatible and a solution is the formation of interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN’s). In order to obtain optically transparent plaques, the polyurethane (PU), polymethylmetacrylate (PMMA) and sílica (SiO2) were syntetized and we obtained the best conditions of reaction for each material. We sintetized the binary networks and the ternary ones with different percentage from sílica were obtained, incorporating to the system 10% in weight of sílica, carrying out a curing in situ in mass. The interest of this work lies in the association of an inorganic network (SiO2) to two organic networks PU and PMMA. In order to reduce the phase separation that occurs in the PU, PMMA and SiO2 system, coupling agents of organic/inorganic nature were introduced. Optically transparent plaques were obtained using trimethoxysilyl propyl methacrylate and isocyanatopropyl triethoxy silane. The materials were characterized by Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy, verifying the presence of representative functional groups in each of the samples. The purpose of incorporating these materials to a single network is the improvement of the mechanical, optical and thermal properties of the organic polymers.
Polymers of organic-inorganic origin are incompatible by nature and a proposal to solve this behavior is the formation of Interpenetrated Polymeric Networks (IPN) using coupling agents. Coupling agents make it possible to create a crosslinking between the phases present that provides better mechanical, optical and thermal properties. These materials are known as Hybrid Networks. To obtain optically transparent materials, individual networks of Polyurethane (PU), Methyl Polyacrylate (PMMA) and Silica (SiO2) were used. Binary and ternary networks were synthesized using bulk polymerization incorporating SiO2 up to 10% by weight. In this research, coupling agents such as Trimethoxysilyl Propyl Methacrylate (MSMA) and Isocyanotopropyl Triethoxy Silane (IPTS) were introduced to the ternary networks in order to reduce the phase separation that occurs in these systems. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) studies demonstrated the presence of functional groups of binary and ternary networks. On the other hand, the thermogravimetric tests (TGA) carried out on hybrid IPN´s with coupling agents, presented greater thermal stability and better optical properties, providing the new IPN´s with the opportunity to have promising applications.
The criteria for selecting the methods that allow the calculation of pollutant emissions, establish that monitoring and direct measurements are preferably carried out at the sources. The drawback lies in the high costs in time and money, the difficulty in accessing the sampling points and the need for a physical, technical and specialized human resources infrastructure. On the other hand, there are indirect methods based on emission factors, activity rates, estimation using historical data, material balance, engineering calculations and mathematical emission models. In this work, the design of an instrument to measure environmental quality is presented.
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