S., HSgvar, G. and M0nness, E. 1990. Nest site selection in Norwegian woodpeckers. -Holarct. Ecol. 13: 156-165.The nest site selection of seven Norwegian woodpeckers, Dryocopus martius, Pieus viridis, P. canus, Picoides tridactylus, Dendrocopos leucotos, D. major and D. minor, was compared. The following parameters were measured at the nesting tree: forest type, tree species, the tree's "degree of decay", the height of the tree, the hole's height above the ground, the stem's diameter at the hole and 0.5 m above the ground, earlier holes in the stem, and whether the tree was broken or not. Several differences between species were found in forest type and tree species. The use of weakened and dead nesting trees tended to increase with decreasing size of the bird. The following parameters usually decreased with decreasing size of the species: the height of the tree and of the nesting hole, and the stem's diameter at the hole and near the ground. Overlap in nest site parameters was calculated for four species, D. martius. P. viridis. D. major and D. minor, common nesters in Populus tremula. Overlap between D. minor and the other three species was low, whereas considerable overlap was found between D. martius and P. viridis. Both species prefer large, old Populus tremula trees.

Høgskolen i HedmarkNotat nr. 2 -2012 Emneord: Sosial støtte, sosialt nettverk, mental helse klienter. Sammendrag:Dette notatet bygger på en undersøkelse der 850 medlemmer av brukerorganisasjonen Mental Helse svarte på spørsmål om erfaringer med ulike deler av hjelpeapparatet og i hvilken grad de hadde et sosialt nettverk og hvordan dette fungerte. Det ble også krysset av for alder, kjønn, sivilstand, skole-eller yrkestilknytning og bosituasjon. Bakgrunnen for undersøkelsen var et ønske om å forstå mer av samspillet mellom sosiale nettverk og profesjonelle tjenester. Mange studier har illustrert betydningen av sosial støtte og sosiale nettverk for personer med psykiske problemer eller lidelser, og dessuten vist at sosiale nettverk både kan bety redusert behov for profesjonelle tjenester og bedre tilgang til slike tjenester. Vi har likevel begrenset kunnskap om hvordan samspillet mellom sosiale nettverk og profesjonelle tjenester fungerer.Ca. 4000 medlemmer fikk tilsendt spørreskjemaet og knapt 1000 svarte. Støttemedlemmene ble ekskludert fra den kvantitative analysen (men inkludert i kvalitative analyser av det samme utvalget). Cirka 1/3 av respondentene var menn og alderen varierte fra 20 til 80 år, med hovedtyngden mellom 40 og 60 år. 67 % hadde uføretrygd, 13 % var i jobb og 20 % kombinerte trygd med jobb eller studier. Respondentene har erfaringer fra alle deler av hjelpeapparatet, d.v.s. fra tradisjonelle psykiatriske sykehus, DPS-er, dagsentra, individualterapi, familieterapi, hjelpetelefoner, krisesentra, kunst-og kroppsorienterte terapier m.m.Dataene viste at de aller fleste opplever å ha støttende sosiale nettverk. Videre fant vi at disse nettverkene på flere måter kan sies å erstatte profesjonelle tjenester. Når det gjelder hjelp til bedring, kan sosiale nettverk tilby kvaliteter som er på høyde med de profesjonelle tjenestene. Videre fant vi en positiv sammenheng mellom tillit til et sosialt nettverk og tillit til profesjonelle tjenester. Tillit til et sosialt nettverk øker også sannsynligheten for at erfaringene med de profesjonelle tjenestene blir positive.Det er flere konklusjoner som kan trekkes av denne studien. Bl.a. tilsier funnene at nettverkskvaliteter i større grad burde inkluderes i de profesjonelle tjenestene. De åpne nettverksmøtene, hvor profesjonelle og nettverksmedlemmer møtes på mer likeverdig basis, kan her vaere en god modell. Videre vil det ha stor betydning om profesjonelle kan hjelpe utsatte grupper med å bygge egne nettverk. Summary:Background: Several studies have illustrated the importance of social support and social networks for persons with mental health problems. Social networks may mean a reduced need for professional services, but also help to facilitate access to professional help. The interplay between social networks and professional services is complicated and invites further investigation.

SUMMARYFull factorial designs of a significant size are very rarely performed in industry due to the number of trials involved and unavailable time and resources. The data in this paper were obtained from a six-factor full factorial ( 2 6 ) designed experiment that was conducted to determine the optimum operating conditions for a steel milling operation. Fractional-factorial designs 2 623 III (one-eighth) and 2 622 IV (one-fourth, using a fold-over from the one-eighth) are compared with the full 2 6 design. Four of the 2 623 III are de-aliased by adding four more runs. In addition, two 12-run Plackett-Burman experiments and their combination into a fold-over 24-run experiment are considered.Many of the one-eighth fractional-factorial designs reveal some significant effects, but the size of the estimates varies much due to aliasing. Adding four more runs improves the estimation considerably. The one-quarter fraction designs yield satisfactory results, compared to the full factorial, if the 'correct' parameterization is assumed. The Plackett-Burman experiments, estimating all main effects, always perform worse than the equivalent regular designs (which have fewer runs). When considering a reduced model many of the different designs are more or less identical. The paper provides empirical evidence for managers and engineers that the choice of an experimental design is very important and highlights how designs of a minimal size may not always result in productive findings.

This study compared the physical performance of adolescents in 1997 and 1968. The material included 1329 15-year-old Norwegian adolescents in Akershus county in Norway in 1968, and 1105 15-year-old adolescents in the same region in 1997. The investigations were supervised by the same conductor on both occasions, and used identical physical tests. The test battery included dynamic endurance of abdominal and low back muscles, hip flexion, ankle dorsiflexion and aerobic fitness. Compared with 1968, low back extension endurance in 1997 was almost 10% lower in both genders, the endurance of the abdominal muscles was 4.8% poorer among boys and 8.1% higher among girls and the ratio between abdominal and low back extension endurance was 11.8% higher among boys and 26.4% higher in girls. Compared with 1968, hip flexion in 1997 was 8.3% higher in girls, while ankle dorsiflexion and aerobic fitness in boys were 15% and 13.4% poorer, and 4.8% poorer and 2.5% higher in girls, respectively. The data indicate a general decline during one generation in physical performance among boys, a decline in low back endurance, truncus balance and ankle mobility among girls and in a higher abdominal endurance among girls.

The article raises the question of whether there is a relationship between the trust that citizens have in people and the trust they have in various institutions such as public administration and media/press. The data were collected from two major surveys, and the universe is limited to citizens of two Norwegian counties. The analyses show that there is a spillover effect between the trust that citizens have in people and institutions (in general) and the degree of trust citizens have in the various particular institutions. Trust between persons, and between persons and institutions, appears to have a bandwidth-type structure. These aspects or factors can be grouped into personal trust, public institutional trust and media/ press trust. These different factors are correlated with each other. KEYWORDSTrust to persons and institutions; broadband trust; spillover effect; Norwegian Inland