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Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 was used to infect cultures of human embryonic dorsal root ganglion cells. Infected cultured were studied by electron microscopy. Viral nucleocapsids were observed to be internalized into neuronal cells bodies and neuritic extensions by fusion of the viral envelope and the plasma membrane. No signs of internalization by endocytosis were noted. Nucleocapsids were transported in neurites and were within 2 hrs postinfection found located near the microtubules and close to the nuclear pores in the perikaryon. A primary envelopment of nucleocapsids occurred at the inner lamina of the nuclear membrane and virions appeared between the two laminae. Presence of non-enveloped nucleocapsids outside the nuclear membrane and in close contact with the endoplasmic reticulum suggested that nucleocapsids could pass to the cytoplasmic side probably by de-envelopment at the outer nuclear membrane. A secondary envelopment occurred at the endoplasmic reticulum where the virions also became enclosed in transport vesicles. Enveloped virus appearing in the cytoplasm of neurons and neuritic extensions was always found only inside these transport vesicles. During their passage through the cytoplasm the virion-transport vesicle complexes were surrounded by smaller lysosome-like vesicles possibly derived from the Golgi apparatus. Fusion reactions between vesicles with virions and the smaller vesicles seemed to occur. We discuss if in this way the virion-transport vesicle complexes might be provided with glycosyl transferases and substrates necessary for maturation and completion of glycosylation of the viral envelope glycoproteins. The transport vesicles seemed essential for egress of virions from the infected cell by releasing virus when fusing with the plasma membrane.

It has been suggested that heparan sulphate has a receptor function in the initial phase of the attachment of herpes simplex virus (HSV) to cells. We have studied the influence of glycosaminoglycans on cell adsorption of, and plaque formation by, HSV-1 and HSV-2, with regard to the role of saccharide structure, chain length and charge density. Heparin and highly-sulphated heparan sulphate (1-5 sulphate groups/disaccharide unit), but neither chondroitin sulphate nor dermatan sulphate, were found to compete with the cellular receptor for attachment of HSV. Heparan sulphate preparations of low sulphate content (0.5 and 0.7 sulphate groups/disaccharide unit) failed to show any significant interaction with HSV. Oligosaccharides generated by partial deaminative cleavage of heparin were used to determine the minimum molecular size required for the binding of virus; the smallest oligosaccharide which reacted with HSV was composed of l0 monosaccharide units. The importance of charge density was demonstrated more directly by subfractionation of the heparin dodecasaccharide fraction by anion-exchange HPLC. The virus-binding capacities of the four resulting dodecasaccharide subfractions increased from the least sulphated to the most heavily sulphated fraction. The results reported are discussed in relation to virus-receptor interactions involved in the attachment of HSV, including the reported binding of HSV to the fibroblast growth factor receptor.

SUMMARYAttachment and neuritic transport of herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 (McIntyre) were studied in a cell culture system with dissociated cells of rat dorsal root ganglia. The two-chamber cell culture system containing a diffusion barrier penetrated by neurites of cultured sensory neurons permitted infection of neurites extending outside the diffusion barrier without exposure of the neuronal cell soma. HSV adsorbed to neuritic extensions and reached the neuronal soma within 1.5 h post-inoculation. Neuritic uptake and transport of HSV were inhibited in the presence of cytochalasin B. Internalization of virus in neurites was preceded by attachment of virus to the neurite plasma membrane. Neurites transported viral nucleocapsids (NC) through the diffusion barrier of the cultures. Destruction of the neuritic extensions before or shortly after peripheral virus inoculation blocked spread of infection to the cell soma. No infection was established when neuritic extensions were exposed to viral NC and NC were then not observed inside the neurite plasma membrane. Virus produced in neurons, when HSV was inoculated into the inner culture chamber containing the neuronal cell bodies, was transported as enveloped virus in cytoplasmic vesicles from the neuronal cell body towards the periphery. Schwann cells were infected by viropexis. Shortly after infection virions were observed in vacuoles of the cytoplasm.

SUMMARYHerpes simplex virus type 1 and a fluorescein-labelled lectin (wheat germ agglutinin) were selectively transported to nerve cell bodies located in the inner compartment of a two-chamber tissue culture system after the application of virus or lectin to the neuritic processes in the outer culture compartment. Taxol, which stabilizes and alters intracellular arrangements of microtubules, and nocodazole, which disrupts microtubules, both inhibited this retrograde axonal transport of viral particles and lectin. The transport was also inhibited by erythro-9-3-(2-hydroxynonyl)adenine (EHNA), which blocks ATPases. However, EHNA was also an effective inhibitor of infection with the virus in non-neuronal cells (GMK AH-1). The nature of the action(s) of EHNA on neuritic transport of the virus is therefore less clear.The pathogenesis of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections involves axonal transport of virus and viral subunits by sensory neurons in the anterograde as well as the retrograde direction. Neurites of dissociated dorsal root ganglion cells have the capacity to internalize the virus (Ziegler & Herman, 1980), presumably by fusion of the viral envelope with the neuritic plasma membrane (Lycke et al., 1984). Since nucleocapsids are detectable in neurites exposed to HSV and are seen around nuclear pores in HSV-infected cell lines (Batterson et al., 1983), we assume that they are involved in retrograde axonal transport of the virus. The mechanisms of this axonal transport of HSV remain to be clarified.We now report the effects on neuritic transport of HSV of three substances capable of inhibiting intracellular transport of endosomes, namely nocodazole, which causes disruption of microtubules, and taxol, which promotes assembly of microtubules (Herman & Albertini, 1984); the third drug, erythro-9-3-(2-hydroxynonyl)adenine (EHNA) (Bouchard et al., 1981) is supposed to inhibit the function of the microtubule-associated ATPase dynein and can inhibit the retrograde movement of organelles in axons. EHNA is considered to have less effect on anterograde axonal transport (Forman et al., 1983).We have used a two-chamber culture system allowing us to infect the neuritic extensions of rat sensory neurons cultured in vitro, without exposing the cell bodies to the virus. For evaluation of the results the neuritic transfer of HSV was compared with the transport of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA).The two-chamber system employed has been described previously (Ziegler & Herman, 1980). Briefly, 35 mm collagen-coated plates were scratched on the bottom, fitted in the centre with an 8 mm cloning cylinder kept in place by silicone high vacuum grease and seeded in the cloning cylinder with trypsin-dissociated dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells. The cells were obtained by dissecting eight to ten embryos of 16 to 17 day pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats. Trypsinization was performed for 30 min at 37 °C using 0.25~ trypsin (porcine pancreas, type 2, Sigma) in a Ca z÷-and MgZ+-free Hanks' buffer pH 7.2. For the first 2 days, the cells were cultured ...

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SUMMARYIn contrast to other viral glycoproteins, the herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoprotein C (gC) binds to the N-acetylgalactosamine-specific Helix pomatia lectin (HPA). In the present paper gC was purified by affinity chromatography with monospecific antibodies and the purified glycoprotein was subjected to protease digestion. HPAbinding protease-resistant glycopeptides were isolated by lectin affinity chromatography. The isolated structures did not bind to concanavalin A and seemed to lack charged groups as determined by ion-exchange chromatography. In gel filtration, the glycopeptides appeared in two peaks with molecular weights higher than 4000. The HPA-binding structures of gC were synthesized in the presence of tunicamycin, indicating that they belong to the O-glycosyl class of oligosaccharides. In addition to HPA-binding oligosaccharides, synthesis of tunicamycin-resistant wheat germ lectinbinding gC oligosaccharides was demonstrable. These were sensitive to sialidase and apparently unrelated to the HPA-binding oligosaccharides.

SUMMARYCells of brain tissue of rabbits, rats and mice were dissociated and glial cells, neuronal perikarya and synaptosomes were separated by centrifugation on discontinuous Ficoll gradients. HSV was shown to attach well to rat and rabbit glial cells and synaptosomes but not to neuronal perikarya. Of intracerebrally infected mice the fractions with glial cells contained the infective virus. The interactions between HSV and neuronal cells and the implication of the observations on the HSV infection of the nervous system are discussed.