Purpose The goals were to (1) test the efficacy of a motor-learning based treatment that includes ultrasound visual feedback for individuals with residual speech sound errors, and (2) explore whether the addition of prosodic cueing facilitates speech sound learning. Method A multiple baseline single subject design was used, replicated across 8 participants. For each participant, one sound context was treated with ultrasound plus prosodic cueing for 7 sessions, and another sound context was treated with ultrasound but without prosodic cueing for 7 sessions. Sessions included ultrasound visual feedback as well as non-ultrasound treatment. Word-level probes assessing untreated words were used to evaluate retention and generalization. Results For most participants, increases in accuracy of target sound contexts at the word level were observed with the treatment program regardless of whether prosodic cueing was included. Generalization between onset singletons and clusters was observed, as well as generalization to sentence-level accuracy. There was evidence of retention during post-treatment probes, including at a two-month follow-up. Conclusions A motor-based treatment program that includes ultrasound visual feedback can facilitate learning of speech sounds in individuals with residual speech sound errors.

7Faba bean is a valuable pulse crop for human consumption. The low molecular weight 8 carbohydrates (LMWC): glucose, fructose, sucrose (GFS), raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose 9 (RFO-raffinose family oligosaccharides) in faba bean seeds contribute to the flavor and 10 prebiotic nature of this edible bean. Understanding the variation of these compounds across the 11 species would aid plant breeders in their selection efforts to release improved varieties. 12 Therefore, this study was conducted to quantify LMWCs from a diverse collection of faba bean 13 germplasm. The LMWCs of mature and immature seed from 40 faba bean populations across a 14 range of seed sizes (26.2-172.0 g·100 seed -1 ) were quantified with an Agilent 1260 Infinity LC 15 (size exclusion chromatography/gel permeation chromatography) system with refractive index 16 detection. Sucrose was the predominant constituent LMWC of immature seeds ranging from 5.9 17 to 22.6% DW for cotyledons and 6.7 to 16.7% DW for seed coats, while total RFO averaged 18 <1% DW across populations. The sucrose content of mature seeds was relatively stable across 19 population with a mean of 2.4% DW, while RFO content ranged from 2.5 to 7.5% DW. The 20 apparent positive relationship between seed size and GFS of immature seed and sucrose and 21 RFO of mature seed indicates that selection for seed size may also affect LMWC concentration. 22 Keywords: Vicia faba, faba bean (fava bean); raffinose-family oligosaccharides; food analysis; 23 food composition; nutritional quality; high performance liquid chromatography 24 25 26Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a versatile cool-season pulse crop utilized for human and animal 27 consumption (Crépon et al., 2010). There are three main botanical varieties of faba bean: var. 28 minor (<40 g·100 seed -1 ), var. equina (40-80 g·100 seed -1 ), and var. major (>80 g·100 seed -1 ) 29 (Duc, 1997). Minor and equina types are mainly utilized as mature dry seeds, while immature 30 seed of var. major is most often consumed as a fresh vegetable (Hawtin and Hebblethwaite, 31 1983; Baginsky et al., 2013). 32The main energy components and therefor value of mature faba bean seed is most often 33 attributed to starch (~40% DW) and protein (~30% DW) contents (Pritchard et al., 1973; Guillon 34 and Champ, 2002). However, low molecular weight carbohydrates (LMWC): glucose, fructose, 35 sucrose (GFS) and raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO): raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose 36 also contribute to seed quality (White, 1966; El-Shimi et al., 1980; Freijnagel et al., 1997; Duc et 37 al., 1999). 38The majority of interest has been given to RFOs as they are presumed to be 39 antinutritional (Frauen et al., 1984; Ruperez, 1998) or non-nutritional (Torress et al., 2012. 40However, alternative opinions suggest that these flatulence-causing carbohydrates may also 41 serve as important health promoting prebiotics (Tomomatsu, 1994; Frias et al., 1996; Champ, 42 2002; Martinez-Villaluenga et al., 2008). Hayakawa et al. (1990) showed that lo...

In this study four winter cereals commonly used as cover crops were evaluated for forage yield potential and nutritional quality when harvested in early spring. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), triticale (X Triticosecale Wittm.), cereal rye (Secale cereale L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were evaluated via experimental plots and on-farm trials in southern Ontario, Canada, between 2013 and 2015. Barley was the only species that failed to overwinter. The average forage yield of all other winter cereal species was 2.9 Mg ha -1 dry matter (DM) at boot stage with total digestible nutrient (TDN) values above 700 g kg -1 at flag leaf and boot stages of development. At the flag leaf and boot stages of development the fiber content of cereal rye was higher and nonfiber carbohydrates lower than wheat or triticale. However, crude protein (CP) and TDN were indistinguishable among species. Across species and experimental plot site-years, a spring N application of 50 kg N ha -1 increased forage yield by 0.9 Mg ha -1 DM and CP by 26 g kg -1 , but all other quality parameters were unaffected. Additional N fertilization, onfarm, increased DM yield, but economically optimum N rates remained low, at 42, 50, and 65 kg N ha -1 for cereal rye, triticale, and wheat, respectively. While wheat and triticale may be used as spring forage, the approximately 7d earlier flag leaf or boot stage of cereal rye makes it a better fit for rotations with corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr].

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of muscle control, which causes trembling of the limbs and head as well as impaired balance. L-DOPA (L-3,4-dihydroxy phenylalanine) is the major ingredient of several prescription drugs used to treat PD. Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the few plant species that is known to produce L-DOPA and has the potential to be developed as a functional food crop for people suffering with PD.Objective: Aimed to provide needed information for people who want to use faba bean as a natural remedy or functional food to relieve PD symptoms, this study analyzed the variation of L-DOPA concentration in the leaf and flower tissues of six faba bean lines with common and rare flower colors.Methods: Leaf and flower samples were taken from field grown plants with different flower colors, namely, pink with purple lines and black dots, pure white, brown, and crimson. Samples were freeze-dried and L-DOPA was quantified by a LC-MS system consisting of an ACQUITY UPLC in line with a Synapt G2 HDMS quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. This experiment was carried out in two consecutive years (2012 and 2013) and the plants used in the second year were grown from the seeds harvested from the plants used in the first year.Results and Discussion: Our two-year study revealed a high level of variation in L-DOPA concentration for leaf and flower tissues among the six faba bean lines studied. The average L-DOPA concentration based on dry weight (DW) in flowers ranged from 27.8 to 63.5 mg/g and 18.2 to 48.7 mg/g for leaf tissues. There was no significant correlation between L-DOPA concentrations in flowers and leaves. The L-DOPA concentration in flowers and in leaves of the same line varied but were not statistically significant between the two years. Ideally, the genotype with the highest average L-DOPA concentration in both flowers and leaves would be grown as a natural source of this medicinally important molecule. When developing faba bean as a functional food crop for PD patients, a careful selection of genotype seems necessary for exploiting the full potential of this natural remedy.Conclusion: Consumption of young pods and leaves is the most practical means for direct intake or processing of L-DOPA. Lastly, favorable environmental conditions for growth will optimize L-DOPA yield (Landry, et al., 2015). Further analysis of the genetic control of L-DOPA synthesis and metabolism will be valuable, with the possibility of developing environmentally resilient cultivars that can produce desirable amounts of L-DOPA for pharmaceutical use. Key words: Faba bean, L-DOPA, Parkinson’s disease